Труды сотрудников ИЛ им. В.Н. Сукачева СО РАН

[Text] / R. A. Monserud, N. M. Tchebakova, O. V. Denissenko // Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. - 1998. - Vol. 139, Is. 01.02.2013. - P15-36, DOI 10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00127-2. - Cited References: 72 . - 22. - ISSN 0031-0182РУБ Geography, Physical + Geosciences, Multidisciplinary + Paleontology

Аннотация: A bioclimatic vegetation model is used to reconstruct the palaeoclimate of Siberia during the mid-Holocene, a warm. moist period also known as the Holocene climatic optimum. Our goal is to determine the magnitude of climatic anomalies associated with mapped changes in vegetation classes. Reconstructed anomalies are the logical outcome of the bioclimatic assumptions in the Siberia vegetation model operating on location-specific differences in the palaeomap of Khotinsky and the modern map of Isachenko. The Siberian vegetation model specifics the relationship between vegetation classes and climate using climatic indices (growing-degree days, dryness index, continentality index). These indices are then converted into parameters commonly used in climatic reconstructions: January and July mean temperatures. and annual precipitation. Climatic anomalies since the mid-Holocene are then displayed by latitude and longitude. An advantage of a model-based approach to climatic reconstruction is that grid cells can be modelled independently. without the need for interpolation to create smoothed temperature and precipitation contours. The resulting pattern of anomalies is complex. On average. Siberian winters in the mid-Holocene were 3.7 degrees C warmer than now, with greater warming in higher latitudes. The major winter warming was concentrated in the Taiga zone on the plains and tablelands of East Siberia, where a warm and moist climate was necessary to support a broad expanse of shade-tolerant dark-needled Taiga. January temperatures averaged about 1 degrees C warmer than now across southern Siberia. although large areas show no change. July temperature anomalies (0-5 degrees C) are distributed mostly latitudinally, with anomalies increasing with latitude above 65 degrees N. At latitudes below 65 degrees N, July temperature was nearly the same as today across Siberia. Based on July temperatures. Siberian summers in the mid-Holocene were 0.7 degrees C warmer than today's. Annual precipitation in Siberia was predicted to be 95 mm greater in the mid-Holocene than now. Most of the increase was concentrated in East Siberia (154 mm average increase). The precipitation anomalies are small in the south. Large precipitation anomalies are found in central and northeastern Siberia. This location corresponds rather closely to the large anomalies in January temperature in East Siberia. The annual precipitation Increase was > 200 mm more than present precipitation in Yakutia. This increase corresponds to the deep penetration of moisture-demanding dark-needled species (Pinus sibirica. Abies sibirica, Picea obovata) into East Siberia in the mid-Holocene, where currently only drought-resistant light-needled species (Larix spp.) are found. Another area of increased precipitation was along the Polar Circle in West Siberia and at the base of the Taymyr Peninsula in East Siberia. In combination with 2-5 degrees C warmer summers, moister climates there allowed forests to advance far northward into what is now the Tundra zone.

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Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Portland, OR 97205 USA
Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Portland, OR 97205 USA
Russian Acad Sci, Siberian Branch, Sukachev Forest Inst, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
Moscow State Univ, Dept Geog, Moscow 119899, Russia

Доп.точки доступа:
Monserud, R.A.; Tchebakova, N.M.; Denissenko, O.V.

[Text] / B. D. Kloeppel [et al.] // Oecologia. - 1998. - Vol. 114, Is. 2. - P153-159, DOI 10.1007/s004420050431. - Cited References: 45 . - 7. - ISSN 0029-8549РУБ Ecology

Аннотация: Larches (Larix spp.), deciduous conifers, occur in the northern hemisphere in cold-temperate and boreal climates - an environment normally thought to favor ever-green tree species. We compare foliar carbon isotope discrimination (Delta), instantaneous water use efficiency, total foliar nitrogen concentration, and specific leaf area (for a subset of sites) between Larix spp. and co-occurring evergreen conifers at 20 sites throughout the natural range of larches. Except for Larix occidentalis in the xeric Intermountain West, USA, Delta is significantly (P < 0.05) greater for larches than co-occurring evergreen conifers at 77% of the sites, suggesting that larches use water less efficiently. At elevations greater than 3000 m, the Delta of Lar ix-spp. and co-occurring conifers converge, suggesting that water is not the limiting resource. Foliar nitrogen concentration and specific leaf area are two ecophysiological characteristics that are positively correlated with high photosynthetic capacity. Foliar nitrogen concentration is significantly greater for larches than evergreen conifers at 88% of the sites and specific leaf area is approximately three times greater for larches than co-occurring conifers. Future studies should examine the potential effect that global warming may have on the distribution of larch forests because the water use efficiency of larches is commonly less than cooccurring evergreen conifers and the boreal and high-latitude environments are likely to experience the greatest climate warming.

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Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53706 USA
Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem, Madison, WI 53706 USA
Russian Acad Sci, Sukachev Forest Inst, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia

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Kloeppel, B.D.; Gower, S.T.; Treichel, I.W.; Kharuk, S...

[Text] / N. M. Tchebakova, T. A. Blyakharchuk, E. I. Parfenova // Environ. Res. Lett. - 2009. - Vol. 4, Is. 4. - Ст. 45025, DOI 10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045025. - Cited References: 72. - This study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant 06-05-65127). The authors are grateful to Jane Bradford, Gerald Rehfeldt and Robert Monserud for helpful review comments. The authors greatly appreciate the comments of two reviewers which significantly improved the manuscript. . - 11. - ISSN 1748-9326РУБ Environmental Sciences + Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Аннотация: Two quantitative methods were used to reconstruct paleoenvironments and vegetation in the Altai-Sayan mountains, Central Asia, during the Holocene. The 'biomization' method of Prentice et al (1996 Clim. Dyn. 12 185-96), applied to the surface pollen record, worked fairly well in the reconstructions of current vegetation. Applying this method to fossil pollen data, we reconstructed site paleovegetation. Our montane bioclimatic model, MontBioCliM, was used inversely to convert site paleovegetation into site paleoclimates. The differences between site paleo and current climates served as past climate change scenarios. The climatic anomalies for 2020, 2050, and 2080 derived from HadCM3 A1FI and B1 of the Hadley Centre, UK, served as climate change scenarios in the 21st century. MontBioCliM was applied directly to all climate scenarios through the Holocene to map past and future mountain vegetation over the Altai-Sayan mountains. Our results suggest that the early Holocene ca 10 000 BP was cold and dry; the period between 8000 and 5300 BP was warm and moist; and the time slice ca 3200 BP was cooler and drier than the present. Using kappa statistics, we showed that the vegetation at 8000 BP and 5300 BP was similar, as was the vegetation at 10 000 BP and 3200 BP, while future vegetation was predicted to be dissimilar to any of the paleovegetation reconstructions. The mid-Holocene is frequently hypothesized to be an analog of future climate warming; however, being known as warm and moist in Siberia, the mid-Holocene climate would likely impact terrestrial ecosystems differently from the projected warm and dry mid-century climate.

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Держатели документа:
[Tchebakova, N. M.
Parfenova, E. I.] Russian Acad Sci, Siberian Branch, VN Sukachev Inst Forests, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
[Blyakharchuk, T. A.] Russian Acad Sci, Siberian Branch, Inst Monitoring Climat & Ecol Syst, Tomsk 643055, Russia

Доп.точки доступа:
Tchebakova, N.M.; Blyakharchuk, T.A.; Parfenova, E.I.; Russian Foundation for Basic Research [06-05-65127]

[Text] / V. I. Kharuk [et al.] // Scand. J. Forest Res. - 2009. - Vol. 24, Is. 2. - P130-139, DOI 10.1080/02827580902845823. - Cited References: 42. - This research was supported in part by the NASA Science Mission Directorate, Terrestrial Ecology and Cryospheric Sciences Programs and Russian Fund for Fundamental Investigations No. 06-05-64939. Special thanks to Joanne Howl, DVM, for assisting with final preparation of the manuscript. . - 10. - ISSN 0282-7581РУБ Forestry

Аннотация: A warming climate provides competitive advantages to Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) in areas with sufficient precipitation. The warmer temperatures observed in central Siberia over the past three decades appear to have had a noticeable effect on growth of Siberian pine and larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) in the south Siberian Mountain forest-tundra ecotone. Larch is more tolerant of harsh climates and exhibits an arboreal growth form, whereas Siberian pine is in krummholz form. Larch also has an advantage at the upper tree limit and in areas with low precipitation. Since the mid-1980s there have been measurable increases in growth increments, stand densification, regeneration propagation into the alpine tundra and transformation of krummholz into arboreal forms. Warming winter temperatures have been sufficient for increased survival of regeneration. Regeneration responded to temperature increase of 1C by migration to areas 10-40 m higher in elevation. Regeneration has propagated into the alpine tundra at the rate of similar to 1.0-2.0 m year-1. Siberian pine and larch regeneration surpassed their upper historical limit by 10-80 m in elevation. While increased tree growth and migration into alpine tundra areas affect the regional carbon balance, it will also decrease albedo, which may increase warming at the regional level.

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[Kharuk, Viacheslav I.
Im, Sergey T.
Dvinskaya, Maria L.] VN Sukachev Inst Forest, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
[Ranson, Kenneth J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA

Доп.точки доступа:
Kharuk, V.I.; Ranson, K.J.; Im, S.T.; Dvinskaya, M.L.; Terrestrial Ecology and Cryospheric Sciences Programs and Russian Fund for Fundamental Investigations [06-05-64939]

[Text] / J. . Viers [et al.] // Biogeochemistry. - 2013. - Vol. 113, Is. 01.03.2013. - P435-449, DOI 10.1007/s10533-012-9770-8. - Cited References: 72. - We would like to thank the Ministere de l'Educational Nationale et de la Recherche, le Ministere des Affaires Etrabngers et l'INSU/CNRS (through the EC2CO program) of France for supporting this work. . - 15. - ISSN 0168-2563РУБ Environmental Sciences + Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Аннотация: We measured the seasonal dynamics of major and trace elements concentrations in foliage of larch, main conifer species of Siberia, and we analyzed cryogenic soils collected in typical permafrost-dominated habitats in the Central Siberia. This region offers a unique opportunity to study element fractionation between the soil and the plant because of (i) the homogeneous geological substratum, (ii) the monospecific stands (Larix gmelinii) and (iii) the contrasted habitats (North-facing slope, South-facing slope, and Sphagnum peatbog) in terms of soil temperature, moisture, thickness of the active layer, tree biomass and rooting depth. The variation of these parameters from one habitat to the other allowed us to test the effects of these parameters on the element concentration in larch foliage considered with high seasonal resolution. Statistical treatment of data on larch needles collected 4 times in 3 locations during entire growing season (June-September) demonstrated that : (1) there is a high similarity of foliar chemical composition of larch trees in various habitats suggesting intrinsically similar requirements of larch tree growth for nutrients, (2) the variation of elemental concentrations in larch needles is controlled by the period (within the growing season) and not by the geographical location (South-facing slope, North-facing slope or bog zone) and (3) there are three groups of elements according to their patterns of elements concentration in needles over the growing season from June to September can be identified: (1): nutrient elements [P, Cu, Rb, K, B, Na, Zn, Ni and Cd] showing a decrease of concentration from June to September similar to the behaviour of major nutrients such as N, P and K; (2): accumulating elements [Ca, Mg, Mo, Co, Sr, Mn, Pb and Cr] showing an increase of concentration from June-July to September; (3): indifferent elements [Al, Zr, Fe, Ba, Ti, REEs (Pr, Nd, Ce, La, Gd, Er, Dy, Tb, Lu, Yb, Tm, Sm, Ho, Eu), Y, Th and U] showing a decrease of concentration from June to July and then an increase of concentration to September. A number of micronutrients (e.g., Cu, Zn) demonstrate significant resorption at the end of growing season suggesting possible limitation by these elements. Although the intrinsic requirement seems to be similar among habitats, the total amount of element stored within the different habitats is drastically different due to the differences in standing tree biomass. The partitioning coefficients between soil and larch appear to be among the lowest compared to other environments with variable plants, soils and climates. Applying the "space for time" substitution scenario, it follows that under ongoing climate warming there will be an increase of the element stock following enhanced above-ground biomass accumulation, even considering zero modification of element ratios and their relative mobility. In this sense, the habitats like south-facing slopes can serve as resultant of climate warming effect on element cycling in larch ecosystems for the larger territory of Central Siberia.

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[Viers, J.
Pokrovsky, O. S.
Auda, Y.
Beaulieu, E.
Zouiten, C.
Oliva, P.
Dupre, B.] Univ Toulouse 3, CNRS, IRD, GET OMP, F-31400 Toulouse, France
[Prokushkin, A. S.
Kirdyanov, A. V.] Sukachev Inst Forestry SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
[Pokrovsky, O. S.] UroRAS, Inst Ecol Problems North, Arkhangelsk, Russia

Доп.точки доступа:
Viers, J.; Prokushkin, Anatoly S.; Прокушкин, Анатолий Станиславович; Pokrovsky, O.S.; Auda, Y.; Kirdyanov, Alexander V.; Кирдянов, Александр Викторович; Beaulieu, E.; Zouiten, C.; Oliva, P.; Dupre, B.; Ministere de l'Educational Nationale et de la Recherche; le Ministere des Affaires Etrabngers; l'INSU/CNRS of France

[Text] / G. E. Rehfeldt [et al.] // Glob. Change Biol. - 2002. - Vol. 8, Is. 9. - P912-929, DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00516.x. - Cited References: 49 . - 18. - ISSN 1354-1013РУБ Biodiversity Conservation + Ecology + Environmental Sciences

Аннотация: Five population-specific response functions were developed from quadratic models for 110 populations of Pinus sylvestris growing at 47 planting sites in Eurasia and North America. The functions predict 13 year height from climate: degree-days > 5 degreesC; mean annual temperature; degree-days < 0 degreesC; summer-winter temperature differential; and a moisture index, the ratio of degree-days > 5 degreesC to mean annual precipitation. Validation of the response functions with two sets of independent data produced for all functions statistically significant simple correlations with coefficients as high as 0.81 between actual and predicted heights. The response functions described the widely different growth potentials typical of natural populations and demonstrated that these growth potentials have different climatic optima. Populations nonetheless tend to inhabit climates colder than their optima, with the disparity between the optimal and inhabited climates becoming greater as the climate becomes more severe. When driven by a global warming scenario of the Hadley Center, the functions described short-term physiologic and long-term evolutionary effects that were geographically complex. The short-term effects should be negative in the warmest climates but strongly positive in the coldest. Long-term effects eventually should ameliorate the negative short-term impacts, enhance the positive, and in time, substantially increase productivity throughout most of the contemporary pine forests of Eurasia. Realizing the long-term gains will require redistribution of genotypes across the landscape, a process that should take up to 13 generations and therefore many years.

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USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA
Russian Acad Sci, Sikachev Inst Forest, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia

Доп.точки доступа:
Rehfeldt, G.E.; Tchebakova, N.M.; Parfenova, Y.I.; Wykoff, W.R.; Kuzmina, N.A.; Milyutin, L.I.

[Text] / K. R. Briffa [et al.] // Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B-Biol. Sci. - 1998. - Vol. 353, Is. 1365. - P65-73, DOI 10.1098/rstb.1998.0191. - Cited References: 34 . - 9. - ISSN 0962-8436РУБ Biology

Аннотация: The annual growth of trees, as represented by a variety of ring-width, densitometric, or chemical parameters, represents a combined record of different environmental forcings, one of which is climate. Along with climate, relatively large-scale positive growth influences such as hypothesized 'fertilization' due to increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide or various nitrogenous compounds, or possibly deleterious effects of 'acid rain' or increased ultra-violet radiation, might all be expected to exert some influence on recent tree growth rates. Inferring the details of past climate variability from tree-ring data remains a largely empirical exercise, but one that goes hand-in-hand with the development of techniques that seek to identify and isolate the confounding influence of local and larger-scale non-climatic factors. By judicious sampling, and the use of rigorous statistical procedures, dendroclimatology has provided unique insight into the nature of past climate variability, but most significantly at interannual, decadal, and centennial time-scales. Here, examples are shown that illustrate the reconstruction of annually resolved patterns of past summer temperature around the Northern Hemisphere, as well as some more localized reconstructions, but ones which span 1000 years or more. These data provide the means of exploring the possible role of different climate forcings; for example, they provide evidence of the large-scale effects of explosive volcanic eruptions on regional and hemispheric temperatures during the last 400 years. However, a dramatic change in the sensitivity of hemispheric tree-growth to temperature forcing has become apparent during recent decades, and there is additional evidence of major tree-growth (and hence, probably, ecosystem biomass) increases in the northern boreal forests, most clearly over the last century. These possibly anthropogenically related changes in the ecology of tree growth have important implications for modelling future atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Also, where dendroclimatology is concerned to reconstruct longer (increasingly above centennial) temperature histories, such alterations of 'normal' (pre-industrial) tree-growth rates and climate-growth relationships must be accounted for in our attempts to translate the evidence of past tree growth changes.

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Держатели документа:
Univ E Anglia, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England
Swiss Fed Inst Forest Snow & Landscape Res, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Russian Acad Sci, Inst Plant & Anim Ecol, Ural Branch, Ekaterinburg 620219, Russia
Russian Acad Sci, Inst Forest, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
Stockholm Univ, Nat Geog Inst, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

Доп.точки доступа:
Briffa, K.R.; Schweingruber, F.H.; Jones, P.D.; Osborn, T.J.; Harris, I.C.; Shiyatov, S.G.; Vaganov, E.A.; Grudd, H...

[Text] / P. . Dijkstra [et al.] // Soil Biol. Biochem. - 2006. - Vol. 38: Annual Meeting of the American-Geophysical-Union (DEC 13-17, 2004, San Francisco, CA), Is. 11. - P3257-3266, DOI 10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.04.005. - Cited References: 61 . - 10. - ISSN 0038-0717РУБ Soil Science

Аннотация: Stable isotope analysis is a powerful tool in the study of soil organic matter formation. It is often observed that more decomposed soil organic matter is C-13, and especially N-15-enriched relative to fresh litter and recent organic matter. We investigated whether this shift in isotope composition relates to the isotope composition of the microbial biomass, an important source for soil organic matter. We developed a new approach to determine the natural abundance C and N isotope composition of the microbial biomass across a broad range of soil types, vegetation, and climates. We found consistently that the soil microbial biomass was N-15-enriched relative to the total (3.2 parts per thousand) and extractable N pools (3.7 parts per thousand), and C-13-enriched relative to the extractable C pool (2.5 parts per thousand). The microbial biomass was also C-13-enriched relative to total C for soils that exhibited a C3-plant signature (1.6 parts per thousand), but C-13-depleted for soils with a C4 signature (-1.1 parts per thousand). The latter was probably associated with an increase of annual C3 forbs in C4 grasslands after an extreme drought. These findings are in agreement with the proposed contribution of microbial products to the stabilized soil organic matter and may help explain the shift in isotope composition during soil organic matter formation. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA
No Arizona Univ, Colorado Plateau Stable Isotope Lab, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA
No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA
No Arizona Univ, Merriam Powell Ctr Environm Res, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA
RAS, SB, Inst Forest, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia

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Dijkstra, P...; Ishizu, A...; Doucett, R...; Hart, S.C.; Schwartz, E...; Menyailo, O.V.; Hungate, B.A.

[Text] / R. A. MONSERUD [et al.] // Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle. - 1995. - Vol. 9, Is. 2. - P213-226, DOI 10.1029/95GB00596. - Cited References: 73 . - 14. - ISSN 0886-6236РУБ Environmental Sciences + Geosciences, Multidisciplinary + Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Аннотация: Phytomass (live plant mass) and net primary productivity are major components of the terrestrial carbon balance. A major location for phytomass storage is the subcontinent of Siberia, which is dominated by extensive reaches of taiga (boreal forest). The responsiveness of the phytomass component of the carbon pool is examined by comparing vegetation in the mid-Holocene (4600-6000 years before present) to modern potential vegetation. The mid-Holocene was warmer and moister in middle and northern Siberia than today, producing conditions ideal for boreal forest growth. As a result, both northern and middle taiga were dominated by shade-tolerant dark-needled species that thrive in moist climates. Today, shade-tolerant dark-needled taiga is restricted to western Siberia and the highlands of central Siberia, with its central and eastern components in the mid-Holocene replaced today by light-demanding light-needled species with lower productivity and phytomass. Total phytomass in Siberia in the mid-Holocene was 105.0 +/- 3.1 Pg, compared to 85.9 +/- 3.2 Pg in modern times, a loss of 19.1 +/- 3.1 Pg of phytomass. The reduction in dark-needled northern and middle taiga classes results in a loss of 28.8 Pg, while the expansion of the corresponding light-needled taiga results in a gain of 13.5 Pg, a net loss of 15.3 Pg. The loss is actually greater, because the modern figures are for potential vegetation and not adjusted for agriculture and other anthropogenic disturbances. Given long periods for vegetation to approach equilibrium with climate, the phytomass component of the carbon pool is responsive to climate change. Changes in net primary productivity (NPP) for Siberia between the mid-Holocene and the present were not as large as changes in phytomass. A minor decrease in NPP (0.6 Pg yr(-1), 10%) has occurred under our cooler modern climate, primarily due to the shift from dark-needled taiga in the mid-Holocene to light-needled taiga today.

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MOSCOW MV LOMONOSOV STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOG,MOSCOW,RUSSIA
OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331
RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST FOREST,SIBERIAN BRANCH,KRASNOYARSK,RUSSIA

Доп.точки доступа:
MONSERUD, R.A.; DENISSENKO, O.V.; KOLCHUGINA, T.P.; TCHEBAKOVA, N.M.

[Text] / E. A. Vaganov [et al.] // Oecologia. - 2009. - Vol. 161, Is. 4. - P729-745, DOI 10.1007/s00442-009-1421-y. - Cited References: 72. - This work was supported by Alexander von Humboldt (Research Award 2003 for E. Vaganov) and the Russian Foundation of Basic Research (RFBR-05-04-48069). We thank Alessandro Cescatti, Leonardo Montagnani, Stefano Minerbi and Claudio Mutinelli for providing the climate and nitrogen data for Renon, Sune Linder for dendrometer data, and Anders Lindroth for eddy flux data of the Flakaliden site. We thank Gerd Gleixner for discussion of this manuscript. We also like to thank Annett Boerner for the artwork and Jens Schumacher for advice on statistical analyses. . - 17. - ISSN 0029-8549РУБ Ecology

Аннотация: Tree-ring width, wood density, anatomical structure and C-13/C-12 ratios expressed as delta C-13-values of whole wood of Picea abies were investigated for trees growing in closed canopy forest stands. Samples were collected from the alpine Renon site in North Italy, the lowland Hainich site in Central Germany and the boreal Flakaliden site in North Sweden. In addition, Pinus cembra was studied at the alpine site and Pinus sylvestris at the boreal site. The density profiles of tree rings were measured using the DENDRO-2003 densitometer, delta C-13 was measured using high-resolution laser-ablation-combustion-gas chromatography-infra-red mass spectrometry and anatomical characteristics of tree rings (tracheid diameter, cell-wall thickness, cell-wall area and cell-lumen area) were measured using an image analyzer. Based on long-term statistics, climatic variables, such as temperature, precipitation, solar radiation and vapor pressure deficit, explained < 20% of the variation in tree-ring width and wood density over consecutive years, while 29-58% of the variation in tree-ring width were explained by autocorrelation between tree rings. An intensive study of tree rings between 1999 and 2003 revealed that tree ring width and delta C-13-values of whole wood were significantly correlated with length of the growing season, net radiation and vapor pressure deficit. The delta C-13-values were not correlated with precipitation or temperature. A highly significant correlation was also found between delta C-13 of the early wood of one year and the late wood of the previous year, indicating a carry-over effect of the growing conditions of the previous season on current wood production. This latter effect may explain the high autocorrelation of long-term tree-ring statistics. The pattern, however, was complex, showing stepwise decreases as well as stepwise increases in the delta C-13 between late wood and early wood. The results are interpreted in the context of the biochemistry of wood formation and its linkage to storage products. It is clear that the relations between delta C-13 and tree-ring width and climate are multi-factorial in seasonal climates.

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[Schulze, Ernst-Detlef
Brand, Willi A.
Roscher, Christiane] Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany
[Vaganov, Eugene A.
Skomarkova, Marina V.] RAS, Inst Forest SB, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
[Knohl, Alexander] ETH, Dept Plant Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland

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Vaganov, E.A.; Schulze, E.D.; Skomarkova, M.V.; Knohl, A...; Brand, W.A.; Roscher, C...; Alexander von Humboldt; Russian Foundation of Basic Research [RFBR-05-04-48069]

[Text] / P. Y. Groisman [et al.] // Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. - 2009. - Vol. 90, Is. 5. - P671-+, DOI 10.1175/2008BAMS2556.1. - Cited References: 78 . - 19. - ISSN 0003-0007РУБ Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Аннотация: Northern Eurasia, the largest land-mass in the northern extratropics, accounts for similar to 20% of the global land area. However, little is known about how the biogeochemical cycles, energy and water cycles, and human activities specific to this carbon-rich, cold region interact with global climate. A major concern is that changes in the distribution of land-based life, as well as its interactions with the environment, may lead to a self-reinforcing cycle of accelerated regional and global warming. With this as its motivation, the Northern Eurasian Earth Science Partnership Initiative (NEESPI) was formed in 2004 to better understand and quantify feedbacks between northern Eurasian and global climates. The first group of NEESPI projects has mostly focused on assembling regional databases, organizing improved environmental monitoring of the region, and studying individual environmental processes. That was a starting point to addressing emerging challenges in the region related to rapidly and simultaneously changing climate, environmental, and societal systems. More recently, the NEESPI research focus has been moving toward integrative studies, including the development of modeling capabilities to project the future state of climate, environment, and societies in the NEESPI domain. This effort will require a high level of integration of observation programs, process studies, and modeling across disciplines.

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Держатели документа:
[Groisman, Pavel Ya.] NOAA, UCAR, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA
[Clark, Elizabeth A.
Lettenmaier, Dennis P.] Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
[Kattsov, Vladimir M.] Voeikov Main Geophys Observ, St Petersburg, Russia
[Sokolik, Irina N.] Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
[Aizen, Vladimir B.] Univ Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843 USA
[Cartus, Oliver
Schmullius, Christiane C.] Univ Jena, Jena, Germany
[Chen, Jiquan] Univ Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 USA
[Conard, Susan] US Forest Serv, USDA, Arlington, VA USA
[Katzenberger, John] Aspen Global Change Inst, Aspen, CO USA
[Krankina, Olga] Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
[Kukkonen, Jaakko
Sofiev, Mikhail A.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland
[Machida, Toshinobu
Maksyutov, Shamil] Natl Inst Environm Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
[Ojima, Dennis] H John Heinz III Ctr Sci Econ & Environm, Washington, DC USA
[Qi, Jiaguo] Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA
[Romanovsky, Vladimir E.
Walker, Donald] Univ Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA
[Santoro, Maurizio] Gamma Remote Sensing, Gumlingen, Switzerland
[Shiklomanov, Alexander I.
Voeroesmarty, Charles] Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA
[Shimoyama, Kou] Hokkaido Univ, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
[Shugart, Herman H.
Shuman, Jacquelyn K.] Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
[Sukhinin, Anatoly I.] Russian Acad Sci, Forest Inst, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
[Wood, Eric F.] Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA

Доп.точки доступа:
Groisman, P.Y.; Clark, E.A.; Kattsov, V.M.; Lettenmaier, D.P.; Sokolik, I.N.; Aizen, V.B.; Cartus, O...; Chen, J.Q.; Conard, S...; Katzenberger, J...; Krankina, O...; Kukkonen, J...; Machida, T...; Maksyutov, S...; Ojima, D...; Qi, J.G.; Romanovsky, V.E.; Santoro, M...; Schmullius, C.C.; Shiklomanov, A.I.; Shimoyama, K...; Shugart, H.H.; Shuman, J.K.; Sofiev, M.A.; Sukhinin, A.I.; Vorosmarty, C...; Walker, D...; Wood, E.F.

/ V. I. Kharuk, S. T. Im, M. L. Dvinskaya // Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. - 2010. - Vol. 25, Is. 3. - P224-233, DOI 10.1080/02827581003766959 . - ISSN 0282-7581
Аннотация: Tree response to climate trends is most likely to be observed in the forest-tundra ecotone, where mainly temperature limits tree growth. On-ground observation and multitemporal Landsat data were used in the analysis of forest-tundra ecotone dynamics (from 1976 to 2000) in the Western Sayan Mountains, Siberia. Observations showed an increase in forest stand crown closure, upward tree-line and regeneration shift and the transformation of Siberian pine and fir krummholz into arboreal forms. Closed stands were increasing in the area at a rate of 0.8% year -1 and advancing their upper boundary at an altitudinal rate of 0.6 m year -1; these changes were shown mainly by the transformation of sparse stands into closed stands. The altitudinal rate of regeneration propagation was estimated at 1.2 m year -1. It was also found that these changes correlated positively with temperature trends. The response of tree vegetation to air temperature increase was dependent on topographic relief features (azimuth and slope steepness). В© 2010 Taylor & Francis.

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V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation

Доп.точки доступа:
Kharuk, V.I.; Im, S.T.; Dvinskaya, M.L.

/ K. J. Ranson [et al.] // International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). - 2007. - 2007 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS 2007 (23 June 2007 through 28 June 2007, Barcelona) Conference code: 71398. - Ст. 4423302. - P2306-2309, DOI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423302 . -
Аннотация: Mapping of boreal forest's type, structure parameters and biomass are critical for understanding the boreal forest's significance in the carbon cycle, its response to and impact on global climate change. The biggest deficiency of the existing ground based forest inventories is the uncertainty in the inventory data, particularly in remote areas of Siberia where sampling is sparse, lacking, and often decades old. Remote sensing methods can overcome these problems. In this study, we used the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and unique waveform data of the geoscience laser altimeter system (GLAS) and produced a map of timber volume for a 10В°?12В° area in Central Siberia. Using these methods, the mean timber volume for the forested area in the total study area was 203 m3/ ha. The new remote sensing methods used in this study provide a truly independent estimate of forest structure, which is not dependent on traditional ground forest inventory methods. В© 2007 IEEE.

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Держатели документа:
NASA GSFC, Code 614.4, Greenbelt, MD 20771, United States
Department of Geography, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
Sukachev Institute of Forest, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, MD 20706, United States

Доп.точки доступа:
Ranson, K.J.; Nelson, R.; Kimes, D.; Sun, G.; Kharuk, V.; Montesano, P.

/ P. Dijkstra [et al.] // Soil Biology and Biochemistry. - 2006. - Vol. 38, Is. 11. - P3257-3266, DOI 10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.04.005 . - ISSN 0038-0717
Аннотация: Stable isotope analysis is a powerful tool in the study of soil organic matter formation. It is often observed that more decomposed soil organic matter is 13C, and especially 15N-enriched relative to fresh litter and recent organic matter. We investigated whether this shift in isotope composition relates to the isotope composition of the microbial biomass, an important source for soil organic matter. We developed a new approach to determine the natural abundance C and N isotope composition of the microbial biomass across a broad range of soil types, vegetation, and climates. We found consistently that the soil microbial biomass was 15N-enriched relative to the total (3.2 ‰) and extractable N pools (3.7 ‰), and 13C-enriched relative to the extractable C pool (2.5 ‰). The microbial biomass was also 13C-enriched relative to total C for soils that exhibited a C3-plant signature (1.6 ‰), but 13C-depleted for soils with a C4 signature (-1.1 ‰). The latter was probably associated with an increase of annual C3 forbs in C4 grasslands after an extreme drought. These findings are in agreement with the proposed contribution of microbial products to the stabilized soil organic matter and may help explain the shift in isotope composition during soil organic matter formation. В© 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Держатели документа:
Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States
Colorado Plateau Stable Isotope Laboratory, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States
School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 5018, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States
Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States
Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russian Federation

Доп.точки доступа:
Dijkstra, P.; Ishizu, A.; Doucett, R.; Hart, S.C.; Schwartz, E.; Menyailo, O.V.; Hungate, B.A.

/ M. T. Nadezda, E. R. Gerald, I. P. Elena // Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. - 2006. - Vol. 11, Is. 4. - P861-882, DOI 10.1007/s11027-005-9019-0 . - ISSN 1381-2386
Аннотация: Inter- and intraspecific effects of climate change were assessed for the dominant conifers of Siberia (60-140В°E and 48-75В°N): Larix spp. (L. sibirica, L. dahurica, and L. sukaczewii) and Pinus sylvestris . The approach employed a tri-variate (degree-days above 5В°C, degree-days below 0В°C, and a moisture index) estimate of the climatic envelope within which exists the actual ecological distribution of a species and their constituent climatypes (genotypes physiologically attuned to similar environments). Limits of the actual ecological distribution were approximated by reducing the climatic envelope according to effects of permafrost and interspecific competition. Climatypes were mapped within the climatic envelope according to the climatic interval that must separate populations for reasonable assurance of genetic differentiation. This interval was calculated from response functions that related 13-year growth and survival of a species to the difference in climate between the provenance of a climatype and the climate of numerous test sites distributed across Russia. Mapping species' distributions and their climatypes was done for the contemporary climate and for future climates predicted by the HadCM3GGa1 scenario of Hadley Centre. The results showed that if the forests of the future are to reflect the adaptedness of today, the distribution of species will shift and genotypes within species will be redistributed. Some contemporary climatypes are projected to disappear from Siberia while others common elsewhere would evolve. To mitigate these effects, climatypes should be transferred today to the expected future location of their climatic optima, a distance that is likely to approach 700-1200 km for these species. В© Springer 2005.

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Держатели документа:
V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academgorodok, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 1221 S. Main, Moscow, ID 83843, United States

Доп.точки доступа:
Nadezda, M.T.; Gerald, E.R.; Elena, I.P.

/ G. Sun [et al.] // International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). - 2004. - Vol. 2: 2004 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings: Science for Society: Exploring and Managing a Changing Planet. IGARSS 2004 (20 September 2004 through 24 September 2004, Anchorage, AK) Conference code: 64488. - P722-724 . -
Аннотация: The transition zone between the Arctic Tundra and boreal forest is sensitive to both climate change and human activities. Monitoring the dynamics of this tundra-forest ecotone is important for understanding of the causes and consequences of changes in land cover. MSS image in 1973 and ETM+ image in 2002 were used to identify the changes at the taiga-tundra transition zones in Ary Mas, Siberia. Linear spectral unmixing was used to map taiga abundances across the boundary. An ETM+ image acquired in 2001 was also processed using linear spectral unmixing, and the results showed the consistence between 2001 and 2002. In order to make the results from MSS and ETM+ comparable, ETM+ images were re-sampled to the pixel size of MSS image, and only three bands (2,3,4) similar to MSS bands 7,5,4 were used. Comparing results from these two datasets shows the changes that occurred in the transition zone during this period. The most significant change is the thickening of taiga forests near the transition zone. The change of tree cover along the taiga-tundra transition zone may be attributed to climate change; however, the validation of these changes needs to be further studied.

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Держатели документа:
Department of Geography, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 923, Greenbelt, MD, United States
V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Academgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Sci. Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanliam, MD, United States

Доп.точки доступа:
Sun, G.; Ranson, K.J.; Kharuk, V.I.; Kovacs, K.

/ T. A. Blyakharchuk [et al.] // Environ.Res.Lett. - 2014. - Vol. 9, Is. 6, DOI 10.1088/1748-9326/9/6/065004 . - ISSN 1748-9326
Аннотация: Prehistoric and early historic human cultures are known to be closely connected to and dependent on their natural environments. We test the hypothesis that climate change influenced the means of subsistence of ancient tribes and favored agricultural or cattle herding economic strategies. Our study area is the Khakass-Minusinsk Hollow, located in the foothills of the Sayan Mountains, south-central Siberia, which was, for a few millennia, a buffer zone for human migrations across the Great Eurasian Steppe. Three different methods (the Montane BioClimatic Model, MontBCliM; the biomization method; and the actualizm method) are employed to reconstruct vegetation taken from the fossil pollen of sediment cores in two mountain lakes at eleven time slices related to successive human cultures back to the mid-Holocene. MontBCliM model is used inversely to convert site paleo-vegetation into site paleo-climates. Climate-based regression models are developed and applied to reconstructed climates to evaluate possible pasture and grain crops for these time slices. Pollen-based reconstructions of the climate fluctuations uncovered several dry periods with steppe and forest-steppe and wetter periods with forests since 6000 BP. Grasslands increased by an order of magnitude during the dry periods and provided extensive open space suitable for pastoralism; however, both grain and pasture yields decreased during these dry periods. During wetter climates, both grain and pasture yields increased twofold and supported more fixed human settlements centered around farming and cattle herding. Thus, the dry periods favored pastoralist rather than farming activities. Conversely, tribes that practiced agriculture had some advantage in the wet periods. © 2014 IOP Publishing Ltd.

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Institute for Monitoring Climatic and Ecological Systems, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademichesky Prospekt 10/3, 643055 Tomsk, Russian Federation
V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forests, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academgorodok, 50/28, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
National Institute of Aerospace (NIA), NASA Langley Research Center, Climate Sciences, 21 Langley Boulevard, Hampton, VA 23681-2199, United States
Tomsk State University, Lenina 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russian Federation

Доп.точки доступа:
Blyakharchuk, T.A.; Tchebakova, N.M.; Parfenova, E.I.; Soja, A.J.

/ O. V. Churakova Sidorova [et al.] // Global Planet. Change. - 2014. - Vol. 122. - P140-150, DOI 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.08.015 . - ISSN 0921-8181
Аннотация: Recently published, improved chronologies for volcanic sulfate in Greenland and Antarctic ice permit a comparison of the growth responses of absolutely annually dated tree rings at three locations in Siberia with annual ice-core records of volcanic eruptions centered on AD 536. For the first time for this region and period, we present unique data sets for tree-ring width, cell-wall thickness, ?13C and ?18O in cellulose. These were based on multiple samples from relict wood of larch obtained from two sites close to the northern limit of tree growth on the Taimyr Peninsula and in northeastern Yakutia, and at a high-elevation, location 20° further South in the Altai Mts. An event in AD 536 was associated with different, but marked, changes in tree-ring parameters at the high-latitude sites compared with the high elevation site. An AD 541 event was associated with its own distinctive tree-ring responses across the three sites and multiple variables. The years after AD 532 were marked by a strong and sustained decrease in growth at the high-elevation, more southerly, site. The combination of improved ice-core chronology for the climatically effective volcanic eruptions of this part of the 6th century AD, and an array of tree-ring sites with different climates and multiple tree-ring variables permits a richer description of tree responses to this cluster of events. The pattern of tree-ring parameter responses at the three locations in AD 536, AD 541, and perhaps AD 532 is consistent with responses to climatically effective volcanic eruptions influencing tree response in those and subsequent years. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.

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Держатели документа:
ETH Zurich, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Akademgorodok 660036, Russian Federation
Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Catchment Hydrology, Theodor-Lieser-Stra?e 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Svobodniy 79 660049, Russian Federation
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States

Доп.точки доступа:
Churakova Sidorova, O.V.; Bryukhanova, M.V.; Saurer, M.; Boettger, T.; Naurzbaev, M.M.; Myglan, V.S.; Vaganov, E.A.; Hughes, M.K.; Siegwolf, R.T.W.

/ N. M. Tchebakova [et al.] // Environ.Res.Lett. - 2016. - Vol. 11, Is. 3, DOI 10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/035016 . - ISSN 1748-9318
Аннотация: Previous regional studies in Siberia have demonstrated climate warming and associated changes in distribution of vegetation and forest types, starting at the end of the 20th century. In this study we used two regional bioclimatic envelope models to simulate potential changes in forest types distribution and developed new regression models to simulate changes in stand height in tablelands and southern mountains of central Siberia under warming 21st century climate. Stand height models were based on forest inventory data (2850 plots). The forest type and stand height maps were superimposed to identify how heights would change in different forest types in future climates. Climate projections from the general circulation model Hadley HadCM3 for emission scenarios B1 and A2 for 2080s were paired with the regional bioclimatic models. Under the harsh A2 scenario, simulated changes included: A 80%-90% decrease in forest-tundra and tundra, a 30% decrease in forest area, a ∼400% increase in forest-steppe, and a 2200% increase in steppe, forest-steppe and steppe would cover 55% of central Siberia. Under sufficiently moist conditions, the southern and middle taiga were simulated to benefit from 21st century climate warming. Habitats suitable for highly-productive forests (≥30-40 m stand height) were simulated to increase at the expense of less productive forests (10-20 m). In response to the more extreme A2 climate the area of these highly-productive forests would increase 10%-25%. Stand height increases of 10 m were simulated over 35%-50% of the current forest area in central Siberia. In the extremely warm A2 climate scenario, the tall trees (25-30 m) would occur over 8%-12% of area in all forest types except forest-tundra by the end of the century. In forest-steppe, trees of 30-40 m may cover some 15% of the area under sufficient moisture. © 2016 IOP Publishing Ltd.

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Держатели документа:
V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forests, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academgorodok, 50/28, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
US Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, United States

Доп.точки доступа:
Tchebakova, N. M.; Parfenova, E. I.; Korets, M. A.; Conard, S. G.

/ J. Camarero [et al.] // Trees-Struct. Funct. - 2017. - Vol. 31, Is. 5. - P1423-1437, DOI 10.1007/s00468-017-1559-x. - Cited References:74. - We acknowledge the support of Spanish Ministry of Economy Projects (Fundiver, CGL2015-69186-C2-1-R). Tree-ring density data were obtained and analysed under support of Russian Science Foundation (Project 14-14-00295). . - ISSN 0931-1890. - ISSN 1432-2285РУБ Forestry

Аннотация: Minimum wood density exhibits strong responses to precipitation and, thus, it is a robust proxy of early season water availability. Tracheids fulfil most wood functions in conifers (mechanical support and water transport) and earlywood tracheids account for most hydraulic conductivity within the annual tree ring. Dry conditions during the early growing season, when earlywood is formed, could lead to the formation of narrow tracheid lumens and a dense earlywood. Here, we assessed if there is a negative association between minimum wood density and early growing-season (spring) precipitation. Using dendrochronology, we studied growth and density data at nine forest stands of three Pinaceae species (Larix sibirica, Pinus nigra, and Pinus sylvestris) widely distributed in three cool-dry Eurasian regions from the forest-steppe (Russia, Mongolia) and Mediterranean (Spain) biomes. We measured for each annual tree ring and the common 1950-2002 period the following variables: earlywood and latewood width, and minimum and maximum wood density. As expected, dry early growing season (spring) conditions were associated with low earlywood production but, most importantly, to high minimum density in the three conifer species. The associations between minimum density and spring precipitation were stronger (r = -0.65) than those observed with earlywood width (r = 0.57). We interpret the relationship between spring water availability and high minimum density as a drought-induced reduction in lumen diameter, hydraulic conductivity, and growth. Consequently, forecasted growing-season drier conditions would translate into increased minimum wood density and reflect a reduction in hydraulic conductivity, radial growth, and wood formation. Given the case-study-like nature of this work, more research on other cold-dry sites with additional conifer species is needed to test if minimum wood density is a robust proxy of early season water availability.

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Держатели документа:
CSIC, IPE, Avda Montanana 1005, Zaragoza 50059, Spain.
Univ Alcala De Henares, Dept Life Sci, Forest Ecol & Restorat Grp, Madrid 28802, Spain.
Sukachev Inst Forest SB RAS, Akademgorodok 50-28, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
Siberian Fed Univ, Inst Ecol & Geog, Pr Svobodny 82, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia.
Univ Barcelona, Dept Evolutionary Biol Ecol & Environm Sci, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
Siberian Fed Univ, Dept Forestry, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia.
Inst Plant & Anim Ecol SD RAS, 8 Marta Str 202, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
Univ Lleida, Dept Crop & Forest Sci, AGROTECNIO Ctr, Rovira Roure 191, Lleida 25198, Spain.

Доп.точки доступа:
Camarero, J.; Fernandez-Perez, Laura; Kirdyanov, Alexander V.; Shestakova, Tatiana A.; Knorre, Anastasia A.; Kukarskih, Vladimir V.; Voltas, Jordi; Spanish Ministry of Economy Projects (Fundiver) [CGL2015-69186-C2-1-R]; Russian Science Foundation [14-14-00295]