Кл.слова (ненормированные):
Anthraquinone -- Ecotoxicity -- Napthoquinone -- Risk assessment -- Anthraquinone -- Comparative data -- Comparative toxicity -- Differential sensitivity -- Earthworm reproduction -- Ecotoxicity -- Enchytraeids -- Extrapolation methods -- Invertebrate species -- Juglone -- Mode of toxic actions -- Naphthoquinone -- Napthoquinone -- Napthoquinones -- Quinizarin -- Soil invertebrates -- Synthetic analogues -- Synthetic chemicals -- Toxic chemicals -- Toxicity test -- Approximation theory -- Chemicals -- Extrapolation -- Functional groups -- Ketones -- Risk assessment -- Risk management -- Risk perception -- Toxicity -- 1,4 naphthoquinone -- 1,4 naphthoquinone derivative -- anthraquinone derivative -- emodin -- juglone -- quinizarin -- comparative study -- earthworm -- ecotoxicology -- hypothesis testing -- invertebrate -- mite -- reproduction -- risk assessment -- soil microorganism -- sublethal effect -- survival -- toxicity test -- article -- collembolan -- comparative study -- controlled study -- earthworm -- enchytraeid -- invertebrate -- mite -- nonhuman -- predictive validity -- reproduction -- soil invertebrate -- soil organism -- survival -- toxicity -- toxicity testing -- Animals -- Anthraquinones -- Ecotoxicology -- Emodin -- Naphthoquinones -- Oligochaeta -- Organic Chemicals -- Reproduction -- Risk Assessment -- Soil -- Acari -- Enchytraeidae -- Hypoaspis aculeifer -- Invertebrata
Аннотация: The introduction of Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH), requires companies to register and risk assess all substances produced or imported in volumes of >1 tonne per year. Extrapolation methods which use existing data for estimating the effects of chemicals are attractive to industry, and comparative data are therefore increasingly in demand. Data on natural toxic chemicals could be used for extrapolation methods such as read-across. To test this hypothesis, the toxicity of natural chemicals and their synthetic analogues were compared using standardised toxicity tests. Two chemical pairs: the napthoquinones, juglone (natural) and 1,4-naphthoquinone (synthetic); and anthraquinones, emodin (natural) and quinizarin (synthetic) were chosen, and their comparative effects on the survival and reproduction of collembolans, earthworms, enchytraeids and predatory mites were assessed. Differences in sensitivity between the species were observed with the predatory mite (Hypoaspis aculeifer) showing the least sensitivity. Within the chemical pairs, toxicity to lethal and sub-lethal endpoints was very similar for the four invertebrate species. The exception was earthworm reproduction, which showed differential sensitivity to the chemicals in both naphthoquinone and anthraquinone pairs. Differences in toxicity identified in the present study may be related to degree of exposure and/or subtle differences in the mode of toxic action for the chemicals and species tested. It may be possible to predict differences by identifying functional groups which infer increased or decreased toxicity in one or other chemical. The development of such techniques would enable the use of read-across from natural to synthetic chemicals for a wider group of compounds. В© 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Scopus
Держатели документа:
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, United Kingdom
Division of Zoology, School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AJ, United Kingdom
WRc PLC, Blagrove Park, Swindon, SN5 8YF, United Kingdom
Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
Reckitt Benckiser, Dansom Lane, Hull, HU8 7DS, United Kingdom
Доп.точки доступа:
Whitaker, J.; Chaplow, J.S.; Potter, E.; Scott, W.A.; Hopkin, S.; Harman, M.; Sims, I.; Sorokin, N.