Рубрики:
BIODIVERSITY
RICHNESS
DIVERSITY
SAMPLE
PATTERNS
HETEROGENEITY
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
biodiversity -- forests -- hyperdominance -- rarity -- richness
BIODIVERSITY
RICHNESS
DIVERSITY
SAMPLE
PATTERNS
HETEROGENEITY
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
biodiversity -- forests -- hyperdominance -- rarity -- richness
Аннотация: One of the most fundamental questions in ecology is how many species inhabit the Earth. However, due to massive logistical and financial challenges and taxonomic difficulties connected to the species concept definition, the global numbers of species, including those of important and well-studied life forms such as trees, still remain largely unknown. Here, based on global groundsourced data, we estimate the total tree species richness at global, continental, and biome levels. Our results indicate that there are similar to 73,000 tree species globally, among which similar to 9,000 tree species are yet to be discovered. Roughly 40% of undiscovered tree species are in South America. Moreover, almost one-third of all tree species to be discovered may be rare, with very low populations and limited spatial distribution (likely in remote tropical lowlands and mountains). These findings highlight the vulnerability of global forest biodiversity to anthropogenic changes in land use and climate, which disproportionately threaten rare species and thus, global tree richness.
WOS
Держатели документа:
Purdue Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
Alma Mater Studiorum Univ Bologna, Dept Biol Geol & Environm Sci, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
Tomsk State Univ, Biol Inst, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
Univ Michigan, Inst Global Change Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
Univ Michigan, Sch Environm & Sustainabil, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
Western Sydney Univ, Hawkesbury Inst Environm, Penrith, NSW 2753, Australia.
FAO, Forestry Dept, I-00153 Rome, Italy.
Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Integrat Biol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
Stellenbosch Univ, Ctr Invas Biol, Dept Math Sci, ZA-7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa.
African Inst Math Sci, Math Biol Unit, ZA-7945 Muizenberg, South Africa.
Univ Lleida, Dept Crop & Forest Sci, Lleida 25198, Spain.
Joint Res Unit CTFC AGROTECNIO CERCA, Solsona 25280, Spain.
Univ Liege, Gembloux Agrobio Tech, TERRA Teaching & Res Ctr, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
Wageningen Univ & Res, Forest Ecol & Forest Management Grp, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
Aarhus Univ, Dept Biol, Ctr Biodivers Dynam Changing World BIOCHANGE, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
Aarhus Univ, Dept Biol, Sect Ecoinformat & Biodivers, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
Univ Lorraine, Silva, INRAE, AgroParisTech, F-54000 Nancy, France.
Univ Connecticut, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Mansfield, CT 06268 USA.
Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
Univ Wisconsin Madison, Dept Populat Hlth Sci, Madison, WI 53704 USA.
King Abdullah Univ Sci & Technol, Stat Program, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
Univ Wisconsin Madison, Dept Stat, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
Peking Univ, Inst Bot, CAS, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.
Univ Illinois, Dept Comp Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
Univ Minnesota, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
Univ Udine, Dept Agr Food Environm & Anim Sci Univ, I-33100 Udine, Italy.
Free Univ Bolzano Bozen, Fac Sci & Technol, I-39100 Bolzano, Italy.
Univ Florida, Dept Tourism Hospitality & Events Management, Spatial Ecol & Conservat Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
Univ Nacl Colombia Abierta & Distancia, Escuela Ciencias Ambientales, Bogota 2102, Colombia.
Univ Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Museo Hist Nat Noel Kempff Mercado, Casilla 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
European Commiss, Joint Res Ctr, I-21027 Ispra, Italy.
Compensat Int Progress SA Ciprogress Greenlife, Bogota, Colombia.
Herbario Univ PORT, UNELLEZ Guanare, Programa Ciencias Agro & Mar, Mesa De Cavacas 3323, Estado Portugue, Venezuela.
Forest Res Inst, Dept Geomat, PL-05090 Sekocin Starty, Raszyn, Poland.
Florida Int Univ, Int Ctr Trop Bot, Dept Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33133 USA.
Univ Fed Acre, Multidisciplinary Ctr, Forest Sci Lab, BR-69920900 Cruzeiro Do Sul, Brazil.
Proceedings Natl Acad Sci, Washington, DC 20001 USA.
Duke Univ, Dept Evolutionary Anthropol, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
Univ Montpellier, CNRS, AMAP, CIRAD,INRAE,IRD, F-34090 Montpellier, France.
Inst Agron Neocaledonien Equipe Sol & Vegetat, Noumea 98800, New Caledonia.
Mbarara Univ Sci & Technol, Inst Trop Forest Conservat, Kabale, Uganda.
Univ Stefan Cel Mare Suceava, Integrated Ctr Res Dev & Innovat Adv Mat Nanotech, Suceava 720229, Romania.
Univ Sao Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz Coll Agr, Dept Forest Sci, BR-13418900 Piracicaba, Brazil.
Manchester Metropolitan Univ, Dept Nat Sci, Manchester M1 5GD, Lancs, England.
Univ Florida, Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Spatial Ecol & Conservat Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
Univ Firenze, Dept Agr Alimentat Environm & Forestry, I-50144 Florence, Italy.
SOS Amazonia, Amazonia Green Landscape Protect & Governance Pro, Rio Branco, Brazil.
Univ Fed Acre, Ctr Biol & Nat Sci, Lab Bot & Plant Ecol, BR-69920900 Rio Branco, Brazil.
Inst Forestry, Dept Spatial Regulat GIS & Forest Policy, Belgrade 11030, Serbia.
Univ Nacl San Antonio Abad Cusco, Cuzco 08000, Peru.
Lakehead Univ, Fac Nat Resources Management, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.
Inst Forest Ecosyst Res, Jilove 25401, Czech Republic.
Czech Acad Sci, Global Change Res Inst, Brno 60300, Czech Republic.
Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
Univ Cambridge, Conservat Res Inst, Dept Plant Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EA, England.
Concordia Univ, CSFG, Ctr Sustainabil Res, Quebec Ctr Biodivers Sci, Montreal, PQ H3G 1M8, Canada.
Concordia Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3G 1M8, Canada.
Wageningen Univ & Res, Lab Geoinformat Sci & Remote Sensing, Dept Environm Sci, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
World Agroforestry ICRAF, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
Inst Invest Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos, Peru.
Univ Guyane, Univ Antilles, INRAE, Cirad,UMREcoFoG Agroparistech,CNRS, Kourou 310, French Guiana.
Univ Buea, Dept Plant Sci, Fac Sci, Buea, Cameroon.
Vietnamese Acad Forest Sci, Silviculture Rearch Inst, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Czech Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Pruhonice 25243, Czech Republic.
Univ South Bohemia, Fac Sci, Ceske Budejovice 37005, Czech Republic.
Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CNRS, AMAP,IRD,CIRAD, F-34398 Montpellier 5, France.
Queen Mary Univ London, Sch Biol & Behav Sci, London E1 4NS, England.
Univ Exeter, Coll Life & Environm Sci, Exeter EX4 4PY, Devon, England.
Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Resource Management, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
Royal Bot Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, Midlothian, Scotland.
Univ Bayreuth, Dept Plant Systemat, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
Wageningen Univ & Res, Biometris & Forest & Nat Policy Grp, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
CIRAD, UPR Forets & Soc, Yamoussoukro, Cote Ivoire.
Univ Montpellier, Forets & Soc, CIRAD, F-34000 Montpellier, France.
Inst Natl Polytech Felix Houphouet Boigny, Yamoussoukro, Cote Ivoire.
Wageningen Univ & Res, Dept Environm Sci, Lab Geoinformat Sci & Remote Sensing, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
Helmholtz GFZ German Res Ctr Geosci, Sect 14 Remote Sensing & Geoinformat, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
Univ Hawaii Hilo, Dept Biol, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
Polish Acad Sci, Inst Dendrol, PL-62035 Kornik, Poland.
Univ Warsaw, Bialowieza Geobot Stn, Fac Biol, PL-17230 Warsaw, Poland.
Univ Stirling, Fac Nat Sci, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland.
Univ Copenhagen, Dept Geosci & Nat Resource Management, DK-1165 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Univ Bristol, Sch Biol Sci, Bristol BS8 1TQ, Avon, England.
Estonian Univ Life Sci, Inst Forestry & Rural Engn, EE-51006 Tartu, Estonia.
Russian Acad Sci, Ctr Forest Ecol & Prod, Moscow 119991, Russia.
Field Museum, Integrat Res Ctr, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
Indonesian Inst Sci, Herbarium Bogoriense, Biol Res Ctr, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia,Cibinong Sci C, Cibinong 16912, Indonesia.
Colorado Mesa Univ, Dept Phys & Environm Sci, Grand Junction, CO 81501 USA.
Univ Copenhagen, Dept Geosci & Nat Resource Management, DK-1017 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Univ South Australia, UniSA STEM, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
Univ South Australia, Future Ind Inst, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
Dr Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Dept Bot, Sagar 470003, India.
Dr Harisingh Gour Cent Univ, Dept Bot, Sagar 470003, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Museo Hist Nat Noel Kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Agr Forestry & Bioresources, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
Seoul Natl Univ, Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
Natl Ctr AgroMeteorol, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
Seoul Natl Univ, Res Inst Agr & Life Sci, Inst Future Environm & Forest Resources, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
Cent Univ Jharkhand, Dept Geoinformat, Ranchi 835205, Jharkhand, India.
CNRS IRD UPS, Lab Evolut & Diversite Biol, UMR 5174, F-31062 Toulouse 9, France.
Univ Tartu, Tartu Observ, EE-61602 Tartu, Estonia.
Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
UCL, Dept Geog, London WC1E 6BT, England.
Univ Oxford, Sch Geog & Environm, Environm Change Inst, Oxford OX1 3QY, England.
Univ Sunshine Coast, Forest Res Inst, Sippy Downs, Qld 4556, Australia.
Univ York, Dept Environm & Geog, York YO10 5NG, N Yorkshire, England.
All Russian Inst Continuous Educ Forestry, Pushchino 141200, Moscow Region, Russia.
FSBI ROSLESINFORG, Ivanteyevka 141208, Moscow Region, Russia.
Inst Tecnol Costa Rica, Escuela Ingn Forestal, Cartago 30101, Costa Rica.
Univ Quebec, Ctr Forest Res, Dept Sci Biol, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada.
Pondicherry Univ, Dept Ecol & Environm Sci, Pondicherry 605014, India.
Univ Nacl Patagonia Austral, CONICET, Inst Nacl Tecnol Agr, RA-9400 Rio Gallegos, Argentina.
Western Sydney Univ, Urban Ecosyst Res, Sch Social Sci, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
Ecofor, Grp Interet Publ, F-75116 Paris, France.
Fed Univ Southern Bahia, Training Ctr Agroforestry Sci, Lab Trop Dendrol & Forestry, BR-45613204 Ilheus, BA, Brazil.
Tech Univ Munich, Sch Life Sci, Chair Forest Growth & Yield Sci, D-85354 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany.
Univ Los Andes, Inst Invest Desarrollo Forestal, Merida 5101, Venezuela.
Univ Antioquia, Fac Engn, Escuela Ambiental, Medellin, Colombia.
Univ Trento, Agr Food Environm Ctr C3A, I-38122 San Michele All Adige, Italy.
Fdn Edmund Mach, Res & Innovat Ctr, I-38100 San Michele All Adige, Italy.
Herbario Selva Cent HOXA, Jardin Bot Missouri, Pasco Mz E-6, Oxapampa, Peru.
Univ Florence, Dept Biol, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
MUSE Museo Sci, I-38122 Trento, Italy.
InfoFlora, Conservatoire & Jardin Bot Geneve, CH-1292 Chambesy, Switzerland.
Cent Univ Jharkhand, Dept Environm Sci, Ranchi 835205, Bihar, India.
Univ La Frontera, Ctr Modelac & Monitoreo Ecosistemas, Univ Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
Univ La Frontera, Vicerrectoria Invest & Postgrad, Temuco 4811230, Chile.
Univ Chile, Dept Silvicultura & Cons Nat, Santiago 8820808, Chile.
Russian Acad Sci, Sukachev Inst Forest, SB, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
Univ Freiburg, Fac Biol, Geobot, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
Natl Forest Ctr, Zvolen 96001, Slovakia.
Univ Brunei Darussalam, Fac Sci, Environm & Life Sci, BE-1410 Gadong, Brunei.
Univ Yaounde I, Dept Biol, Plant Systemat & Ecol Lab, Higher Teachers Training Coll, Yaounde, Cameroon.
Univ Fed Rio Grande do Norte, Dept Ecol, CB, BR-59072970 Natal, RN, Brazil.
Czech Univ Life Sci Prague, Fac Forestry & Wood Sci, Prague 16521, Czech Republic.
Univ Yaounde I, Fac Sci, Dept Plant Biol, Yaounde, Cameroon.
Bioversity Int, IITA Reg Off Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon.
Univ Florida, Dept Biol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
Univ Florida, Florida Museum Nat Hist, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
James Cook Univ, Sch Sci & Engn, Cairns, Qld 4878, Australia.
Univ Leipzig, Inst Biol, Systemat Bot & Funct Biodivers, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Univ Tr as Os Montes & Alto Douro, CITAB, Ctr Res & Technol Agroenvironm & Biol Sci, UTAD, P-5000801 Vila Real, Viseu, Portugal.
Polytech Inst Viseu, Agr High Sch, Dept Ecol & Sustainable Agr, P-3500606 Viseu, Portugal.
Univ Reg Blumenau, Dept Forest Engn, BR-89030 Blumenau, SC, Brazil.
Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
Univ Autonoma Beni, Riberalta 2W3Q VHJ, Beni, Bolivia.
Hainan Univ, Key Lab Trop Biol Resources, Sch Life & Pharmaceut Sci, Minist Educ, Haikou 570228, Hainan, Peoples R China.
Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Resource Management, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
Minist Eaux Forets Mer & Environm Charge Plan Cli, Estuaire Libreville, Gabon.
Inst Rech Ecol Trop, Libreville, Gabon.
Manaaki Whenua Landcare Res, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand.
State Forests Coordinat Ctr Environm Projects, PL-02362 Warsaw, Poland.
Inst Natl Polytech Felix Houphouet Boigny, Dept FOREN, BP 1093, Yamoussoukro, Cote Ivoire.
Доп.точки доступа:
Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla; Reich, Peter B.; Gamarra, Javier G. P.; Crowther, Tom; Hui, Cang; Morera, Albert; Bastin, Jean-Francois; de-Miguel, Sergio; Nabuurs, Gert-Jan; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Serra-Diaz, Josep M.; Merow, Cory; Enquist, Brian; Kamenetsky, Maria; Lee, Junho; Zhu, Jun; Fang, Jinyun; Jacobs, Douglass F.; Pijanowski, Bryan; Banerjee, Arindam; Giaquinto, Robert A.; Alberti, Giorgio; Zambrano, A.; Alvarez-Davila, Esteban; Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro; Avitabile, Valerio; Aymard, Gerardo A.; Balazy, Radomir; Baraloto, Chris; Barroso, Jorcely G.; Bastian, Meredith L.; Birnbaum, Philippe; Bitariho, Robert; Bogaert, Jan; Bongers, Frans; Bouriaud, Olivier; Brancalion, Pedro H. S.; Brearley, Francis Q.; Broadbent, Eben North; Bussotti, Filippo; da Silva, V. C.; Cesar, E.; Cesljar, Goran; Moscoso, Victor Chama; Chen, Han Y. H.; Cienciala, Emil; Clark, Connie J.; Coomes, David A.; Dayanandan, Selvadurai; Decuyper, Mathieu; Dee, Laura E.; Pasquel, I. D.; Derroire, Geraldine; Djuikouo, Marie Noel Kamdem; Do, T. R.; Dolezal, Jiri; Dordevic, Ilija D.; Engel, Julien; Fayle, Tom M.; Feldpausch, Ted R.; Fridman, Jonas K.; Harris, David J.; Hemp, Andreas; Hengeveld, Geerten; Herault, Bruno; Herold, Martin; Ibanez, Thomas; Jagodzinski, Andrzej M.; Jaroszewicz, Bogdan; Jeffery, Kathryn J.; Johannsen, Vivian Kvist; Jucker, Tommaso; Kangur, Ahto; Karminov, Victor N.; Kartawinata, Kuswata; Kennard, Deborah K.; Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian; Keppel, Gunnar; Khan, Mohammed Latif; Khare, Pramod Kumar; Kileen, Timothy J.; Kim, Hyun Seok; Korjus, Henn; Kumar, Amit; Laarmann, Diana; Labriere, Nicolas; Lang, Mait; Lewis, Simon L.; Lukina, Natalia; Maitner, Brian S.; Malhi, Yadvinder; Marshall, Andrew R.; Martynenko, Olga V.; Mendoza, Abel L. Monteagudo; Ontikov, Petr V.; Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar; Camacho, Nadir C. Pallqui; Paquette, Alain; Park, Minjee; Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy; Peri, Pablo Luis; Petronelli, Pascal; Pfautsch, Sebastian; Phillips, Oliver L.; Picard, Nicolas; Piotto, Daniel; Poorter, Lourens; Poulsen, John R.; Pretzsch, Hans; Ramirez-Angulo, Hirma; Correa, Zorayda Restrepo; Rodeghiero, Mirco; Gonzales, Rocio Del Pilar Rojas; Rolim, Samir G.; Rovero, Francesco; Rutishauser, Ervan; Saikia, Purabi; Salas-Eljatib, Christian; Schepaschenko, Dmitry; Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael; Seben, Vladimir; Silveira, Marcos; Slik, Ferry; Sonke, Bonaventure; Souza, Alexandre F.; Sterenczak, Krzysztof Jan; Svoboda, Miroslav; Taedoumg, Hermann; Tchebakova, Nadja; Terborgh, John; Tikhonova, Elena; Torres-Lezama, Armando; van der Plas, Fons; Vasquez, Rodolfo; Viana, Helder; Vibrans, Alexander C.; Vilanova, Emilio; Vos, Vincent A.; Wang, Hua-Feng; Westerlund, Bertil; White, Lee J. T.; Wiser, Susan K.; Zawila-Niedzwiecki, Tomasz; Zemagho, Lise; Zhu, Zhi-Xin; Zo-Bi, Irie C.; Liang, Jingjing; Cazzolla, Roberto; KUMAR, ASHWANI; Šebeň, Vladimír; Schepaschenko, Dmitry G.; Serra-Diaz, Josep M; Kepfer, Sebastian; Phillips, Oliver; de, Sergio; Philippe, Birnbaum; Dee, Laura; Ibanez, Thomas, Paul; Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel of Brazil (CAPES)Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES) [88881.064976/2014-01]; Russian Science FoundationRussian Science Foundation (RSF) [21-46-07002, 16-17-10284]; Gordon and Betty Moore FoundationGordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Information Technology at Purdue, West Lafayette, Indiana; US Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture McIntire Stennis [1017711, 1016676]; Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University; US NSF Biology Integration Institutes Program [NSF-DBI-2021898]; Key Project of National Key Research and Development Plan, China [2017YFC0504005]; Sao Paulo Research FoundationFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) [2014/14503-7, 2017/05662-2, 03/12595-7]; Proyecto FONACIT [1998003436]; UNELLEZ [23198105]; EU, Sumforest-REFORM, Risk Resilient ForestManagement, FKZ [2816ERA02S]; German Research FoundationGerman Research Foundation (DFG); KROOF Tree and stand-level growth reactions on drought in mixed versus pure forests of Norway spruce and European beech [PR 292/12-1]; Bavarian State Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forestry, W07 long-term yield experiments [7831-26625-2017, E33]; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Priority ProgramGerman Research Foundation (DFG) [1374]; International Tropical Timber Organization Project [PD 53/00 Rev.3]; State Forest Management Centre, Estonia; Environmental Investment Centre, Estonia; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada DiscoverNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) [RGPIN-2014-04181, STPGP428641]; FEDEREuropean Commission [GY0006894]; FEDER/COMPETE/POCI-Operacional Competitiveness and Internacionalization Programme [POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006958]; FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology Project [UIDB/04033/2020]; ICNF-Instituto de Conservacao da Natureza e Florestas. 6degrees Inventario Florestal Nacional; Chilean research Grants FondecytComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT)CONICYT FONDECYT [1191816]; FONDEF [ID19 10421]; Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development Grant [NAFOSTED-106-NN.06-2016.10]; German Research FoundationGerman Research Foundation (DFG) [FOR 1246]; Life Plus Contract [LIFE13 ENV/PL/000048]; National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management in Poland Contract [485/2014/WN10/OP-NM-LF/D]; National Natural Scientific Foundation of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [31660055, 31660074]; Polish State Forests National Forest Holding; National Science Center (Poland)National Science Centre, Poland [2011/02/A/NZ9/00108]; Dutch Ministry of Economic AffairsMinistry of Economic Affairs, Netherlands; US NASANational Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) [11-TE11-0100]; TEAM/Conservation International project; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia; Ministere des Forets, de la Faune et des Parcs du Quebec (Canada); European UnionEuropean Commission [FP7/2007-2013, 265171]; DBT, Government of IndiaDepartment of Biotechnology (DBT) India [BT/PR7928/NDB/52/9/2006]; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)CGIAR; Czech Science FoundationGrant Agency of the Czech Republic [19-14620S, 17-07378S, 17-19376S]; European Research CouncilEuropean Research Council (ERC)European Commission [669609]; RFBRRussian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) [16-05-00496]; project implementation demonstration object on the transformation of declining spruce forests into ecologically more stable multi-functional ecosystems, ITMS [26220220026]; Research & Development Operational Program - ERDF; Swedish NFI; Department of Forest Resource Management; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU; National Research Foundation of South AfricaNational Research Foundation - South Africa [89967, 109244]; South African Research Chair Initiative; University Research Committee of the University of the South Pacific and New Colombo Plan through the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade of the Australian government; Moore FoundationGordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Buffett Foundation through Conservation International and Wildlife Conservation Society; Belgian Science Policy Office Contract [SD/AR/01A]; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research Grant [FKZ 01LL0908AD]; Programme Tropenbos Cote d'Ivoire Project [04/97-1111a]; Danish Council for Independent Research j Natural Sciences TREECHANGE [6108-00078B]; VILLUM FONDENVillum Foundation [16549]; ERCEuropean Research Council (ERC)European Commission [291585]; Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit AwardRoyal Society of London; UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), notably NERC Consortium Grants AMAZONICAUK Research & Innovation (UKRI)Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) [NE/F005806/1]; TROBIT [NE/D005590/1]; BIO-RED [NE/N012542/1]; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico, CNPqConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ) [312075/2013-8]; Agence Nationale de la Recherche (CEBA)French National Research Agency (ANR) [ANR-10-LABX-25-01]; Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad)CGIAR; Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and TradeAustralian Government; European UnionEuropean Commission; International Climate Initiative of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety; CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and AgroforestryCGIAR; CGIAR FundCGIAR; Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union; German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety through the International Climate Initiative; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnologicoConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ); OP RDE [CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/0000433]; EC DG VIII [BZ-5041]; NWO-WOTRONetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) [W84-204]; GTZ; local communities and NERC; ERCEuropean Research Council (ERC)European Commission; Royal SocietyRoyal Society of LondonEuropean Commission; Leverhume Trust; BOLFOR (Proyecto de Manejo Forestal Sostenible Bolivia); Global Environment Research Fund [F-071, D-1006]; JSPS KAKENHIMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of ScienceGrants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) [JP17K15289]; National Institute of Biology (now the Research Center for Biology), Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia IFBN Project - ESA [4000114425/15/NL/FF/gp]; NSFNational Science Foundation (NSF) [DBI-1565046, DEB-0424767, DEB-0639393]; NASA Terrestrial Ecology ProgramNational Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); Swiss National Science FoundationSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)European Commission [130720, 147092]; Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (Agencia Espanola de Cooperacion Internacional para el Desarrollo) [D/9170/07, D/018222/08, D/023225/09, D/032548/10]; Universidad Mayor de San Simon; Manejo Forestal en las Tierras Tropicales de Bolivia project; Compania Industrial Maderera Ltda.; Agency for Economic and Environmental Development of the north province of New Caledonia (Projects Ecofor Cogefor); Natural Environment Research Council (United Kingdom)UK Research & Innovation (UKRI)Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (Agencia Espanola de Cooperacion Internacional para el Desarrollo); governments of Syria and Lebanon; COBIMFO Project, Federal Science Policy, Belgium; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia, MexicoConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT); Comision Nacional Forestal, Mexico; WWF Russell Train Fellowship [ST54]; Wildlife Conservation Society DRC Program under CARPE; Seoul National University Big Data Institute; Korea Forest Service (the Korea Forestry Promotion Institute) [2013069C10-1719-AA03, S111215L020110]; Science and Engineering Research Board, Government of India [YSS/2015/000479]; Tropenbos International-Suriname; Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg; National Centre for Research and Development, Warsaw, Poland, under BIOSTRATEG Program [BIOSTRATEG1/267755/4/NCBR/2015]; General Directorate of State Forests, Warsaw, Poland [OR/2717/3/11, 1/07]; Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development; Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador; National Forest Programme of the National Institute of Agricultural Research; FAPEAM-PRONEXFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM) [2014/14503-7, 2017/05662-2, 03/12595-7]; CNPq/FAPEAM-PELD [403792/2012-6]; ATTO Project [MCTI-FINEP 1759/10, BMBF 01LB1001A]; Long-Term Research Development Project of Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences [RVO 67985939]; Slovak Research and Development Agency Project [APVV-20-0168]; Strategic Science Investment Fund of the New Zealand Ministry for Business, Innovation and Employment; FAPESPFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) [2014/14503-7, 2017/05662-2]; CNPq UniversalConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ) [479599/2008-4]; NSF GrantNational Science Foundation (NSF) [CIF21 DIBBs: EI: 1724728]; LUCAS programme for the Ministry for the Environment; Human Modified Tropical Forests Programme of NERC [NE/K016377/1]; US NSF Long-Term Ecological Research [DEB-1831944]; Biological Integration Institutes [NSF-DBI-2021898]