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    ЛАНДШАФТНЫЕ ПОЖАРЫ В ЗАБАЙКАЛЬЕ
[Текст] : статья / М. Д. ЕВДОКИМЕНКО // География и природные ресурсы. - 2019. - № 4. - С. 44-55 . - ISSN 0206-1619
   Перевод заглавия: LANDSCAPE FIRES IN TRANSBAIKALIA
УДК

Аннотация: Приведены результаты полувекового изучения природных пожаров в Забайкалье. Выполнены стационарные экс периментальные исследования пожароопасности растительности по всем высотным поясам, репрезентативным ландшафтным местностям и типам леса. Маршрутные исследования проведены в разных природных округах. На про тяжении двух сезонов осуществлен авиамониторинг ландшафтных пожаров. Прослежены долговременные последствия пожаров на Байкальской природной территории и в Центральном Забайкалье. Проанализированы пирологические режимы в растительных комплексах, по каждому из которых определена длительность пожароопасного состояния как суммарная за весь сезон, так и непрерывная за период пожарного максимума. Характеристики режимов по вы сотным поясам приведены в трех вариантах в зависимости от количества осадков за сезон (обычный, засушливый, влажный). Выявлено, что ландшафтные пожары возникают при интенсивном и экстремальном режимах, когда устанавливается исключительная, по сравнению с сопредельными регионами, пирологическая монотонность расти тельных комплексов на большей части территории. В подобной ситуации практически отсутствуют естественные препятствия для огня, кроме широких рек, озер и гребней горных хребтов. Высокая горимость лесов обусловлена пре обладанием в их составе светлохвойных насаждений. Стремительному распространению пожаров способствуют сухие травостои и заросли пожароопасных кустарников, по которым огонь движется почти со скоростью ветра. Установ лено, что некошеные луга, заброшенные выпасы и пашни у поселковых околиц чреваты опустошительными пожарами не только в лесах, но и в населенных пунктах. В ситуации, подобной возникшей в 2015 г., ландшафтные пожары превращаются в природную катастрофу с тяжелыми лесоэкологическими последствиями. Уцелевшие древостои снижа ют продуктивность, изреживаются, а далее подвержены все более усугубляющейся дигрессии от последующих огневых воздействий. На гарях происходит локальное обезлесение, либо длительная смена хвойных насаждений лиственными. Грядущий сток с обширных выгоревших площадей может усугубить загрязнение оз. Байкал. Сделан вывод, что при влечение резервов МЧС для устранения последней огненной стихии в Прибайкалье оказалось малополезным вследствие запоздания. Альтернативой представляется заблаговременное прогнозирование высокого риска возникновения ланд шафтных пожаров с целью оперативной ликвидации возгораний, чтобы оперативно тушить все загорания при уме ренных затратах, не допуская их превращения в природную катастрофу.
This paper presents results of wildfire studies conducted Transbaikalia over the last five decades. Station-based experimen tal investigations into fire hazards of vegetation accomplished at the regional forest fire stations during those years covered all altitudinal vegetation zones, representative landscape localities and forest types. Route investigations were made in different natural areas. Arial monitoring of landscape fires was used during two fire seasons. Long-term effects of fires in the Baikal Natural Area and in Central Transbaikalia were investigated. Fire regimes in vegetation complexes were analyzed and for each of them the duration of the fire hazard was determined both as the total duration for the entire season and as a continuous duration for the period of the fire maximum. Characteristics of the regimes for the altitudinal belts are provided in three versions according to precipitation amounts for a season (normal, dry and wet). It is found that forest fires occur in intensive and extreme fire regimes when most of the vegetation complexes of the region become exceptionally hazardous as compared to adjacent areas. In such a situation, there are almost no barriers to fire, except for broad rivers, lakes and mountain crests. The forest fire fre quency index is high due to a predominance of light coniferous stands. A rapid spread of fires is also promoted by dry grass stands and fire-hazardous shrubs where the fire is spreading nearly as fast as the speed of wind. It was established that unmown mead ows, and abandoned pastures and croplands in the outskirts of villages present the threat of devastating fires not only in forests but also in settlements. In a situation, such as the one that arose in 2015, landscape fires turn to a natural disaster with severe forest-ecological consequences. Surviving forest stands decrease in productivity and increase in self-thinning, followed by an increasing degradation caused by subsequently recurring fires. Burns undergo local deforestation or a long-lasting replacement of coniferous stands by deciduous forests. The future runoff from the burned-over areas is able to enhance pollution of Lake Baikal. It is concluded that the EMERCOM resources used to fight the latest fires in Transbaikalia showed very little promise because of being delayed. A reasonable alternative to EMERCOM would involve advanced forecasting of high risks of fire oc currence in order to rapidly fight fires with moderate expenses without letting them turning to a natural disaster.

РИНЦ

Держатели документа:
Институт леса им. В.Н. Сукачёва СО РАН

Доп.точки доступа:
ЕВДОКИМЕНКО, М.Д.; EVDOKIMENKO M.D.

    Landscape Fires in Transbaikalia
/ M. D. Evdokimenko // Geogr. Natural Resources. - 2019. - Vol. 40, Is. 4. - P335-345, DOI 10.1134/S187537281904005X. - Cited References:24 . - ISSN 1875-3728. - ISSN 1875-371X
РУБ Geography

Кл.слова (ненормированные):
altitudinal vegetation zone -- localities -- weather conditions -- fire -- regime -- forecasting -- deforestation

Аннотация: This paper presents results of wildfire studies conducted Transbaikalia over the last five decades. Station-based experimental investigations into fire hazards of vegetation accomplished at the regional forest fire stations during those years covered all altitudinal vegetation zones, representative landscape localities and forest types. Route investigations were made in different natural areas. Arial monitoring of landscape fires was used during two fire seasons. Long-term effects of fires in the Baikal Natural Area and in Central Transbaikalia were investigated. Fire regimes in vegetation complexes were analyzed and for each of them the duration of the fire hazard was determined both as the total duration for the entire season and as a continuous duration for the period of the fire maximum. Characteristics of the regimes for the altitudinal belts are provided in three versions according to precipitation amounts for a season (normal, dry and wet). It is found that forest fires occur in intensive and extreme fire regimes where most of the vegetation complexes of the region become exceptionally hazardous as compared to adjacent areas. In such a situation, there are almost no barriers to fire, except for broad rivers, lakes and mountain crests. The forest fire frequency index is high due to a predominance of light coniferous stands. A rapid spread of fires is also promoted by dry grass stands and fire-hazardous shrubs where the fire is spreading nearly as fast as the speed of wind. It was established that unmown meadows, and abandoned pastures and croplands in the outskirts of villages present the threat of devastating fires not only in forests but also in settlements. In a situation, such as the one that arose in 2015, landscape fires turn to a natural disaster with severe forest-ecological consequences. Surviving forest stands decrease in productivity and increase in self-thinning, followed by an increasing degradation caused by subsequently recurring fires. Burns undergo local deforestation or a long-lasting replacement of coniferous stands by deciduous forests. The future runoff from the burned-over areas is able to enhance pollution of Lake Baikal. It is concluded that the EMERCOM resources used to fight the latest fires in Transbaikalia showed very little promise because of being delayed. A reasonable alternative to EMERCOM would involve advanced forecasting of high risks of fire occurrence in order to rapidly fight fires with moderate expenses without letting them turning to a natural disaster.

WOS

Держатели документа:
Russian Acad Sci, Siberian Branch, Sukachev Inst Forest, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.

Доп.точки доступа:
Evdokimenko, M. D.

    Long-term trends in anthropogenic land use in Siberia and the Russian Far East: a case study synthesis from Landsat
/ K. M. Bergen, T. Loboda, J. P. Newell [et al.] // Environ. Res. Lett. - 2020. - Vol. 15, Is. 10. - Ст. 105007, DOI 10.1088/1748-9326/ab98b7. - Cited References:87. - This work was supported by the NASA LCLUC program under award NNX12AD34G. We would like to acknowledge the following for their contributions to data preparation and visualization: Steven Boland, Kevin Brown, Howie Chen, Danielle Cohn, Liting Cui, Jillian Estrada, Sarah Geise, Dan Qiao, Becca Robinson, Yi Wang, Yu-Chen Wang, and Xiaofei Wen. We very much appreciate the constructive comments of the anonymous reviewers in strengthening the focus of this paper. . - ISSN 1748-9326
РУБ Environmental Sciences + Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Рубрики:
FOREST-COVER CHANGE
   AMUR RIVER-BASIN

   FARMLAND ABANDONMENT

   TRANSITION

Кл.слова (ненормированные):
landscapes -- logging -- agriculture -- roads -- villages -- Russia

Аннотация: As globally important forested areas situated in a context of dramatic socio-economic changes, Siberia and the Russian Far East (RFE) are important regions to monitor for anthropogenic land-use trends. Therefore, we compiled decadal Landsat-derived land-cover and land-use data for eight dominantly rural case study sites in these regions and focused on trends associated with settlements, agriculture, logging, and roads 1975-2010. Several key spatial-temporal trends emerged from the integrated landscape-scale analyses. First, road building increased in all case study sites over the 35-year period, despite widespread socio-economic decline post-1990. Second, increase in settlements area was negligible over all sites. Third, increased road building, largely of minor roads, was especially high in more rugged and remote RFE case study sites not associated with greater agriculture extent or settlement densities. High demands for wood export coupled with the expansion of commercial timber harvest leases starting in the mid-1990s are likely among leading reasons for an increase in roads. Fourth, although fire was the dominant disturbance over all sites and dates combined, logging exerted a strong land-use pattern, serving as a reminder that considering local anthropogenic landscapes is important, especially in Siberia and the RFE, which represent almost 10% of the Earth's terrestrial land surface. The paper concludes by identifying remaining research needs regarding anthropogenic land use in the region: more frequent moderate spatial resolution imagery and greater access to more finely resolved statistical and other spatial data will enable further research. Social media abstract Landsat reveals long-term anthropogenic land-use trends in Siberia and Russian Far East

WOS

Держатели документа:
Univ Michigan, Sch Environm & Sustainabil, 440 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
Univ Maryland, Dept Geog Sci, 2181 LeFrak Hall, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
Russian Acad Sci, Sukachev Inst Forest, Siberian Branch, Akad Gorodok 50-28, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
Siberian Fed Univ, Svobodny Str 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia.
Univ Helsinki, Aleksanteri Inst, POB 42,Unioninkatu 33, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Univ Michigan, Slav Languages & Literatures, 812 E Washington St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
Natl Inst Aerosp, 100 Explorat Way, Hampton, VA 23666 USA.

Доп.точки доступа:
Bergen, K. M.; Loboda, T.; Newell, J. P.; Kharuk, V.; Hitztaler, S.; Sun, G.; Johnson, T.; Hoffman-Hall, A.; Ouyang, W.; Park, K.; Fort, C.; Gargulinski, E.; NASA LCLUC program [NNX12AD34G]