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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Barashkov V.A., Gitelzon I.I., Nefedov V.P., Trubachev I.N.
Заглавие : The dynamics of the amino acid composition of the medium in cultivating the isolated organs by controlled perfusion (Russian)
Место публикации : Byulleten Eksperimentalnoi Biologii i Meditsiny. - 1975. - Vol. 80, Is. 7. - С. 36-38. - ISSN 03659615 (ISSN)
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): amino acid--amino acid--dog--in vitro study--kidney--liver--sternum--theoretical study--animal--article--culture medium--metabolism--organ culture--organ preservation--perfusion--tissue preservation--kidney--liver--kidney perfusion--liver perfusion--tissue culture--amino acids--animal--culture media--dogs--english abstract--in vitro--organ culture--organ preservation--perfusion--tissue preservation--kidney--liver
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Gitelzon I.I., Nefedov V.P., Mezhevikin V.V.
Заглавие : Effect of hypoxemia on erythropoietic activity of perfused organs
Место публикации : Byulleten Eksperimentalnoi Biologii i Meditsiny. - 1977. - Vol. 84, Is. 7. - С. 23-24. - ISSN 03659615 (ISSN)
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): animal--bone marrow--cell proliferation--erythropoiesis--histology--hypoxemia--injury--mammal--perfusion fluid--theoretical study--article--dog--kidney--liver--metabolism--perfusion--spleen--sternum--erythropoietin--animal--anoxemia--dogs--english abstract--erythropoietin--kidney--liver--perfusion--spleen--sternum
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Degermendzhi A.G., Pechurkin N.S., Terskov I.A.
Заглавие : Criterion of steady-state coexistence of continuous microbial populations
Место публикации : Doklady Biophysics. - 1979. - Vol. VOL 244-246. - С. 82-85. - ISSN 00124974 (ISSN)
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): animal experiment--bacterial growth--bacterium culture--ecology--in vitro study--nonbiological model--preliminary communication
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Vysotsky E.S., Zavoruyev V.V., Mezhevikin V.V.
Заглавие : The effect of phenobarbital on the luminescent system of Beneckea harveyi
Место публикации : Mikrobiologiya. - 1981. - Vol. 50, Is. 6. - С. 985-991. - ISSN 00263656 (ISSN)
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): luciferase--phenobarbital--animal experiment--beneckea harveyi--bioluminescence--decanal--in vitro study--luminescence
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Pechurkin N.S., Brilkov A.V., Bogucharov A.A., Pisman T.I., Gitelzon I.I.
Заглавие : Populational stability of the luminescent bacterium Photobacterium leiognathi in continuous culture
Место публикации : Doklady Biological Sciences. - 1987. - Vol. 294, Is. 1-6. - С. 269-272. - ISSN 00124966 (ISSN)
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): animal cell--nonhuman--photobacterium leiognathi
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Blum V., Gitelson J.I., Horneck G., Kreuzberg K.
Заглавие : Opportunities and constraints of closed man-made ecological systems on the moon
Место публикации : Advances in Space Research. - 1994. - Vol. 14, Is. 6. - С. 271-280. - ISSN 02731177 (ISSN)
Аннотация: Most scenarios for a manned lunar base include a combination of physical-chemical and bioregenerative life support systems. Especially on the lunar surface, however, there is a series of special environmental factors which seriously affect the organisms suitable for food production and biological regeneration of the habitat atmosphere and water. So, e.g. the lunar day/night period creates difficult problems for higher plant culture. The paper presents the current scientific approaches to bioregenerative life support systems of a lunar base and discusses critically the possibilities of their realization. Moreover, a scientific strategy is developed with the biologist's point of view to implement in a stepwise manner bioregenerative life support modules into a lunar base covering the possibilities of the untilization of chemolytotrophic bacteria, microalgae and higher plants as well as those of animal breeding and protein production in intensive aquaculture systems. В© 1994.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Gitelson J.I., V B., Grigoriev A.I., Lisovsky G.M., Manukovsky N.S., Sinyak Y.u.E., Ushakova S.A.
Заглавие : Biological-physical-chemical aspects of a human life support system for a lunar base
Место публикации : Acta Astronautica. - 1995. - Vol. 37, Is. C. - С. 385-394. - ISSN 00945765 (ISSN)
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): animal--aquaculture--article--biomass--construction work and architectural phenomena--cyprinodontiformes--filtration--growth, development and aging--human--microbiology--microclimate--moon--nutritional value--photoperiodicity--plant--space flight--standard--tilapia--waste management--water management--wheat--animals--aquaculture--biomass--cyprinodontiformes--ecological systems, closed--facility design and construction--filtration--humans--life support systems--moon--nutritive value--photoperiod--plants, edible--space flight--tilapia--triticum--waste management--water microbiology--water purification
Аннотация: To create a life support system based on biological and physical-chemical processes is the optimum solution providing full-valued condidtions for existence and efficient work of people at a lunar base. Long-standing experinece in experimental research or closed ecosystems and their components allows us to suggest a realistic functional structure of the lunar base and to estimate qualitatively its parameters. The original restrictions are as follows: 1) the basic source of energy to support the biological processes has to be the solar radiation; 2) the initial amount of basic biological elelments forming the turnover of substances (C, O, H, P, K, N) has to be delivered from Earth; 3). Moon materials are not to be used in the biological turnover inside the base; 4) the base is to supply the crew fully with atmosphere and water, and with 90% (A scenario) or 40% (B scenario) of food. Experimental data about the plant productivity under the "Moon" rhythm of light and darkness allow us to suggest that the A scenario requires per one human: plant area - 40 m2 irradiated during the lunar day by 250-300 W/m2 PAR producing 1250 g of dry biomass a terrestrial day; a heterotrophic component of "biological incineration" of inedible plant biomass (800 g/day) including the aquaculture of fish to produce animal products and contaminating the environment less than birds and mammals, and the culture of edible mushrooms; a component of physical-chemical correction for the LSS envi ronment including the subsystems of: deep oxidation of organic impurities in the atmosphere and of water, organic wastes of human activity and that biological components (420 g/day) Co2 concentration in "Moon" nights, damping O2 in "Moon" days, etc. The stock of presotred or delivered from Earth substances (food additions, seeds, etc.) to be involved in biological turnover is to be about 50 kg/year per man. Increase of the mass of prestored substances per man up to 220 kg/year would reduce twice the plant area and consumed amount of radiant energy to exclude the components of "biological incineration" and physical-chemical destruction of organic wastes. В© 1995.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Bartsev S.I., Gitelson J.I., Lisovsky G.M., Mezhevikin V.V., Okhonin V.A.
Заглавие : Perspectives of different type biological life support systems (BLSS) usage in space missions
Место публикации : Acta Astronautica. - 1996. - Vol. 39, Is. 8. - С. 617-622. - ISSN 00945765 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/S0094-5765(97)00012-X
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): article--bacterium--comparative study--construction work and architectural phenomena--environmental planning--green alga--human--instrumentation--mathematics--microclimate--moon--plant--quality of life--space flight--standard--weightlessness--algae, green--bacteria--ecological systems, closed--environment design--environment, controlled--facility design and construction--humans--life support systems--mathematics--moon--plants--quality of life--space flight--weightlessness--biology--life support systems (spacecraft)--spreadsheets--biological life support systems (blss)--lunar missions
Аннотация: In the paper an attempt is made to combine three important criteria of LSS comparison: minimum mass, maximum safety and maximum quality of life. Well-known types of BLSS were considered: with higher plant, higher plants and mushrooms, microalgae, and hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria. These BLSSs were compared in terms of "integrated" mass for the case of a vegetarian diet and a "normal" one (with animal proteins and fats). It was shown that the BLSS with higher plants and incineration of wastes becomes the best when the exploitation period is more than 1 yr. The dependence of higher plants' LSS structure on operation time was found. Comparison of BLSSs in terms of integral reliability (this criterion includes mass and quality of life criteria) for a lunar base scenario showed that BLSSs with higher plants are advantageous in reliability and comfort. This comparison was made for achieved level of technology of closing and for perspective one. В© 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Sarangova A.B., Somova L.A., Pisman T.I.
Заглавие : Catalase activity as a potential indicator of the reducer component of small closed ecosystems
Место публикации : Advances in Space Research. - 1997. - Vol. 20, Is. 10. - С. 1945-1948. - ISSN 02731177 (ISSN)
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): carboxymethylcellulose--catalase--animal--article--bacillus--bacterial count--chlorella--culture medium--enzymology--growth, development and aging--metabolism--microclimate--paramecium--animals--bacillus--carboxymethylcellulose--catalase--chlorella--colony count, microbial--culture media--ecological systems, closed--paramecium
Аннотация: Dynamics of catalase activity has been shown to reflect the growth curve of microorganisms in batch cultivation (celluloselythic bacteria Bacillus acidocaldarius and bacteria of the associated microflora Chlorella vulgaris). Gas and substrate closure of the three component ecosystems with spatially separated components "producer-consumer-reducer" (Chl. vulgaris-Paramecium caudatum-B. acidocaldarius, two bacterial strains isolated from the associated microflora Chl. vulgaris) demonstrated that the functioning of the reducer component can be estimated by the catalase activity of microorganisms of this component. В© 1997 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
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10.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Pis'man T.I., Pechurkin N.S., Sarangova A.B., Somova L.A.
Заглавие : Experimental models of small closed systems with spatially separated unicellular organism-based components.
Место публикации : Life support & biosphere science : international journal of earth space. - 1999. - Vol. 6, Is. 2. - С. 133-139. - ISSN 10699422 (ISSN)
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): carbon dioxide--nitrogen--animal--article--biomass--candida--chlorella--ecosystem--growth, development and aging--metabolism--microclimate--paramecium--photosynthesis--physiology--animals--biomass--candida--carbon dioxide--chlorella--ecological systems, closed--ecosystem--nitrogen--paramecium--photosynthesis
Аннотация: Experimental models of small biotic cycles of different degree of closure and complexity with spatially separated components based on unicellular organisms have been studied. Gas closure of components looped into "autotroph-heterotroph" (chlorella-yeast) system doubled the lifetime of the system (as opposed to individually cultivated components). Higher complexity of the heterotroph component consisting of two yeast species also increased the lifetime of the system through more complete utilization of the substrate by competing yeast species. The lifetime of gas and substrate closed "producer-consumer" trophic chain (chlorella-paramecia) increased to 7 months. In 60 days the components' numbers reached their steady state followed by more than 40 cycles of the medium. The role of a predator organism (protozoan) in nitrogen cycling was demonstrated; reproduction of protozoa correlated directly with their emission of nitrogen in the ammonia form that is most optimum for growth of chlorella.
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11.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Pisman T.I., Pechurkin N.S., Babkin A.V., Somova L.A., Sarangova A.B.
Заглавие : Experimental and mathematical models for small aqueous closed ecosystems with spatially separated components
Место публикации : Advances in Space Research. - 1999. - Vol. 24, Is. 3. - С. 361-366. - ISSN 02731177 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00486-X
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): carbon dioxide--nitrogen--oxygen--quaternary ammonium derivative--aquatic environment--artificial ecosystem--ecological modeling--trophic interaction--animal--article--biological model--candida--chlorella--fermentation--mathematics--metabolism--microclimate--paramecium--photosynthesis--animals--candida--carbon dioxide--chlorella--ecological systems, closed--fermentation--mathematics--models, biological--nitrogen--oxygen--paramecium--photosynthesis--quaternary ammonium compounds
Аннотация: Experimental and theoretical models of closed 'autotroph-heteretroph' (chlorella-yeast, chlorella- protozoa) ecosystems with spatially separated components have been created and studied. The chart of flows and interaction of components of gas-closed 'chlorella-yeast' system have formed the basis describe mathematically the functioning of the given system, experimental results have been found to agree with computer solution of the problem in terms of quality. Investigation of the experimental model of the 'producer-consumer' trophic chain demonstrated the role of protozoa in nitrogen turnover. 'Production-decomposition' and 'production-grazing-decomposition' cycle models has been theoretically analyzed and compared. The predator has been shown to be a more intensive mineralizer than the reducer component.
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12.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Pechurkin N.S.
Заглавие : Key factors in development of man-made and natural ecosystems
Место публикации : Advances in Space Research. - 1999. - Vol. 24, Is. 3. - С. 377-381. - ISSN 02731177 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00321-X
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): artificial ecosystem--ecosystem function--article--ecosystem--microbiology--microclimate--ecological systems, closed--ecosystem--environmental microbiology--life support systems--soil microbiology
Аннотация: Key factors of ecosystem functioning are of the same nature for artificial and natural types. An hierarchical approach gives the opportunity for estimation of the quantitative behavior of both individual links and the system as a whole. At the organismic level we can use interactions of studied macroorganisms (man, animal, higher plant) with selected microorganisms as key indicating factors of the organisms immune status. The most informative factor for the population/community level is an age structure of populations and relationships of domination/elimination. The integrated key factors of the ecosystems level are productivity and rates of cycling of the limiting substances. The key factors approach is of great value for growth regulations and monitoring the state of any ecosystem, including the life support system (LSS)-type.
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13.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Pechurkin N.S., Brilkov A.V., Ganusov V.V., Kargatova T.V., Maksimova E.E., Popova L.Yu.
Заглавие : Modelling of genetically engineered microorganisms introduction in closed artificial microcosms
Место публикации : Advances in Space Research. - 1999. - Vol. 24, Is. 3. - С. 335-341. - ISSN 02731177 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00320-8
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): aquatic environment--artificial ecosystem--ecological modeling--genetically modified organism--alga--animal--article--bacterial count--bacterial gene--biological model--biomass--escherichia coli--feasibility study--genetic engineering--genetics--growth, development and aging--microbiology--microclimate--photobacterium--plasmid--protozoon--time--yeast--algae--animals--biomass--colony count, microbial--ecological systems, closed--escherichia coli--feasibility studies--genes, bacterial--genetic engineering--models, biological--photobacterium--plasmids--protozoa--time factors--water microbiology--yeasts
Аннотация: The possibility of introducing genetically engineered microorganisms (GEM) into simple biotic cycles of laboratory water microcosms was investigated. The survival of the recombinant strain Escherichia coli Z905 (Ap(r), Lux+) in microcosms depends on the type of model ecosystems. During the absence of algae blooming in the model ecosystem, the part of plasmid-containing cells E.coli decreased fast, and the structure of the plasmid was also modified. In conditions of algae blooming (Ankistrodesmus sp.) an almost total maintenance of plasmid-containing cells was observed in E.coli population. A mathematics model of GEM's behavior in water ecosystems with different level of complexity has been formulated. Mechanisms causing the difference in luminescent exhibition of different species are discussed, and attempts are made to forecast the GEM's behavior in water ecosystems.
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14.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Shishatskaya E.I., Eremeev A.V., Gitel'zon I.I., Setkov N.A., Volova T.G.
Заглавие : Cytotoxicity of polyhydroxyalkanoates in animal cell cultures.
Место публикации : Doklady Biological Sciences. - 2000. - Vol. 374, Is. 1-6. - С. 539-542. - ISSN 00124966 (ISSN)
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): dna--hydroxybutyric acid--poly(3 hydroxybutyrate) co (3 hydroxyvalerate)--poly(3 hydroxybutyric acid)--poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-co-(3-hydroxyvalerate)--poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate--polyester--rna--thymidine--uridine--animal--article--biosynthesis--cell division--cell strain 3t3--cell survival--cytology--drug effect--liver--liver cell--metabolism--mouse--vascular endothelium--3t3 cells--animals--cell division--cell survival--dna--endothelium, vascular--hepatocytes--hydroxybutyrates--liver--mice--polyesters--rna--thymidine--uridine
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15.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Gladyshev M.I., Kolmakov V.I., Dubovskaya O.P., Ivanova E.A.
Заглавие : The microalgal food spectrum of Daphnia longispina during the algal bloom of an eutrophic water body.
Место публикации : Doklady Biological Sciences. - 2000. - Vol. 371, Is. 1-6. - С. 179-181. - ISSN 00124966 (ISSN)
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): alga--animal--article--biomass--daphnia--ecosystem--food chain--growth, development and aging--microbiology--plankton--zooplankton--algae--animals--biomass--daphnia--ecosystem--food chain--plankton--water microbiology--zooplankton
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16.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Eremeev A.V., Setkov N.A.
Заглавие : DNA synthesis in heterokaryons obtained by fusion of hepatocytes from a regenerating mouse liver and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts
Место публикации : Doklady Biological Sciences. - 2000. - Vol. 372, Is. 1-6. - P329-332. - ISSN 00124966 (ISSN)
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): dna--thymidine--animal--article--biosynthesis--cell division--cell fusion--cell strain 3t3--cytology--hybrid cell--kinetics--liver cell--liver regeneration--metabolism--mouse--3t3 cells--animals--cell division--cell fusion--dna--hepatocytes--hybrid cells--kinetics--liver regeneration--mice--thymidine
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17.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Brilkov A.V., Ganusov V.V., Morozova E.V., Pechurkin N.S.
Заглавие : Computer modeling of the biotic cycle formation in a closed ecological system
Место публикации : Advances in Space Research. - 2001. - Vol. 27, Is. 9. - С. 1587-1592. - ISSN 02731177 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/S0273-1177(01)00253-8
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): ecology--energy utilization--mathematical models--biotic turnover--predators--space research--artificial ecosystem--alga--animal--article--biological model--computer simulation--cyprinodontiformes--daphnia--ecosystem--energy metabolism--evolution--food chain--microclimate--plankton--algae--animals--computer simulation--daphnia--ecological systems, closed--ecosystem--energy metabolism--evolution--food chain--models, biological--plankton--poecilia
Аннотация: The process of biotic turnover in a closed ecological system (CES) with an external energy flow was analyzed by mathematical modeling of the biotic cycle formation. The formation of hierarchical structure in model CESs is governed by energy criteria. Energy flow through the ecosystem increases when a predator is introduced into a "producer-reducer" system at steady state. Analysis of the model shows that under certain conditions the presence of the primary predator with its high mineralization ability accelerates the biotic turnover measured by primary production. We, therefore, conclude that for every system it is possible to find a suitable predator able to provide the system with a higher biotic turnover rate and energy consumption. В© 2001 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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18.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Arashkevich E.G., Anokhina L.L., Vostokov S.V., Dritz A.V., Lukasheva T.A., Luppova N.E., Musaeva E.I., Tolomeev A.N.
Заглавие : Reproductive strategy of Beroe ovata (Ctenophora, Atentaculata, Beroida) - A new invader in the Black Sea
Колич.характеристики :5 с
Место публикации : Oceanology: INTERPERIODICA, 2001. - Vol. 41, Is. 1. - P111-115. - ISSN 0001-4370
Примечания : Cited References: 18
Аннотация: Factors affecting the egg production of Beroe ovata were experimentally studied. Ctenophore clutch size increased with animal size and ranged from 40 eggs for small specimens to 5000-7000 eggs for individuals 80-120 mm long. The beginning of maturation was recorded for the ctenophores bigger than 30-35 mm. Clutch size was directly influenced by the amount of ingested food. Starving animals produced no eggs. No influence of temperature on the dutch size was indicated within the range 15-22 degreesC. Possible factors affecting the eggs viability which varied in the experiments from 20 to 80% are discussed. In the autumn of 1999, the spawning period was observed in September-October with a maximum at the beginning of October. Concentration of the larvae in the near-shore zone amounted to more than 400 ind. m(-2). Offshore, their amount decreased and in the central part of the sea they were not found.
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19.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Pisman T.I., Pechurkin N.S., Somova L.A.
Заглавие : Competition between links in "producers-consumer" trophic chains in an aquatic closed system with spatially separated components
Место публикации : Advances in Space Research. - 2001. - Vol. 27, Is. 9. - С. 1599-1603. - ISSN 02731177 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/S0273-1177(01)00255-1
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): algae--aquifers--biodiversity--metabolism--nitrogen--protozoa--aquatic closed systems--spatially separated components--space research--aquatic ecosystem--competition--grazing--primary production--fresh water--nitrogen--animal--article--chlorella--food chain--green alga--metabolism--microclimate--paramecium--rotifera--algae, green--animals--chlorella--ecological systems, closed--food chain--fresh water--nitrogen--paramecium--rotifera
Аннотация: The work analyzes functioning of a "producer-consumer" closed aquatic system with spatially separated links, where each component consisted of two species. Producers in the system were the microalgae of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus sp., consumers - Paramecium caudatum infusoria and Brachionus sp. rotifers. In the experiment the competing predators were consuming on a mixed culture of algae, and the competition of algae was studied under nitrogen limitation. Under these conditions competitiveness of Scenedemus was higher than that of Chlorella vulgaris. Metabolism products of Scenedesmus algae have been found to have negative effect on reproduction of Paramecium caudatum protozoa. Predator population dynamics in the "consumer" link demonstrated that the rotifers that consume two algal species are more competitive compared to protozoa feeding on chlorella only. В© 2001 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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20.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Shirobokova I.M., Pechurkin N.S.
Заглавие : Mathematical modeling of response of ecosystems with different structure to external impact
Место публикации : Advances in Space Research. - 2001. - Vol. 27, Is. 9. - С. 1593-1598. - ISSN 02731177 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/S0273-1177(01)00254-X
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): environmental impact--mathematical models--sensitivity analysis--structural analysis--top-down controlled systems--ecosystems--fresh water--ecosystem response--animal--article--biological model--biomass--ecosystem--escherichia coli--food chain--microclimate--protozoon--animals--biomass--ecological systems, closed--ecosystem--escherichia coli--food chain--fresh water--models, biological--protozoa
Аннотация: A mathematical model was used to study the response of ecosystems of different structures to external impact. The response was measured as a sensitivity coefficient: the magnitude of the system's response vs. the change of the factor in the inflow. The formula has been obtained to calculate the sensitivity coefficient for ecosystems containing different numbers of trophic links. The derived sensitivity coefficients demonstrate that the degree of compensation for the external impact can differ depending on the type of system regulation and the length of the trophic chain. E. g. the sensitivity coefficient decreases with complexity of trophic links in an ecosystem for top-down controlled systems and impact of degree of openness on sensitivity e.g. closed ecosystems show higher sensitivity then fully open ecosystem to impacts also bottom-up control system show less sensitivity then top-down. В© 2001 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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