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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Gladyshev M.I., Sushchik N.N., Gubanenko G.A., Demirchieva S.M., Kalachova G.S.
Заглавие : Effect of boiling and frying on the content of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in muscle tissue of four fish species
Место публикации : Food Chemistry. - 2007. - Vol. 101, Is. 4. - С. 1694-1700. - ISSN 03088146 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.04.029
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): cod--essential polyunsaturated fatty acids--herring--sole--trout--docosahexaenoic acid--icosapentaenoic acid--polyunsaturated fatty acid--article--atlantic cod--atlantic herring--boiling point--brown trout--controlled study--cooking--fish--food processing--frying--lepidopsetta bilineata--muscle tissue--nonhuman--norway--raw meat--russian federation--sample--clupea pallasi--clupeidae--gadus ogac--lepidopsetta bilineata--martes pennanti--paraplagusia bilineata--salmo trutta--salmonidae
Аннотация: Frozen samples of common fish species, sea trout (Salmo trutta), from Norway and Siberia, herring (Clupea harengus pallasi), rock sole (Lepidopsetta bilineata) and cod (Gadus morhua maris-albi), collected from a wholesale market in Krasnoyarsk city (Siberia, Russia) were analyzed. Special attention was paid to long-chain essential polyunsaturated fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic, 20:5?3 (EPA) and docosahexaenoic, 22:6?3 (DHA). Heat-treatment (cooking and frying) did not in general significantly decrease the contents of EPA and DHA compared to raw fish species, except for a modest reduction in Norwegian trout during frying. Boiled trout appeared to be a more valuable fish dish for obtaining the officially recommended appropriate daily intake of EPA + DHA for humans. Herring and sole had intermediate values, while boiled cod had a comparatively low value. В© 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Sushchik N.N., Gladyshev M.I., Kalachova G.S., Makhutova O.N., Ageev A.V.
Заглавие : Comparison of seasonal dynamics of the essential PUFA contents in benthic invertebrates and grayling Thymallus arcticus in the Yenisei river
Место публикации : Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. - 2006. - Vol. 145, Is. 3-4. - С. 278-287. - ISSN 10964959 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.05.014
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): benthic invertebrates--grayling--polyunsaturated fatty acids--riverine food web--essential fatty acid--long chain fatty acid--polyunsaturated fatty acid--amphipoda--animal tissue--annelid worm--article--benthos--chironomidae--comparative study--controlled study--dominant inheritance--ecosystem--evolution--fatty acid analysis--female--fish--fly--invertebrate--larva--male--metabolic regulation--nonhuman--nutrient dynamics--priority journal--river--seasonal variation--statistical significance--thymallus arcticus--animals--fatty acids, unsaturated--food chain--gastrointestinal contents--invertebrates--muscles--rivers--russia--salmonidae--seasons--amphipoda--chironomidae--diptera--gammaridae--invertebrata--oligochaeta (metazoa)--thymallus arcticus--trichoptera
Аннотация: Seasonal dynamics of contents of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in dominant groups of benthic invertebrates: gammarids (Gammaridae, Amphipoda), oligochaetes (Oligochaeta), chironomid larvae (Chironomidae, Diptera) and caddisfly larvae (Trichoptera), and dominant benthivorous fish, Siberian grayling Thymallus arcticus, have been studied in ecosystem of the large Siberian river. During the year of the study most benthic invertebrate taxa showed significant variations in the contents of both C-18 and long chain C-20-22 PUFAs. In contrast, the fish, which consumed the zoobenthos, had no significant seasonal variations in long chain PUFAs' contents. Thereby, the fish, as organisms of relatively higher evolution level than invertebrates, was supposed to have more strict metabolic control of long chain PUFAs' contents. Evidence was obtained that the studied fish species, grayling, may be capable to convert dietary EPA into DHA. В© 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Gladyshev M.I., Sushchik N.N., Gubanenko G.A., Demirchieva S.M., Kalachova G.S.
Заглавие : Effect of way of cooking on content of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in muscle tissue of humpback salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)
Место публикации : Food Chemistry. - 2006. - Vol. 96, Is. 3. - С. 446-451. - ISSN 03088146 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.02.034
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): antioxidant--docosahexaenoic acid--essential fatty acid--icosapentaenoic acid--omega 3 fatty acid--polyunsaturated fatty acid--animal tissue--conference paper--controlled study--cooking--ecological niche--evolution--fish--fluid intake--food analysis--freezing--frying--heat treatment--heating--hypothesis--market--muscle tissue--nonhuman--oncorrhynchus gorbuscha--reduction--russian federation--salmon--statistical significance--animalia--oncorhynchus gorbuscha--pisces--salmonidae
Аннотация: Contents of fatty acids in filets of unfrozen (control), boiled, fried, roasted and boiled in a small amount of water humpback salmon, collected from a wholesale market in Krasnoyarsk city (Siberia, Russia) were analyzed. Special attention was paid to essential polyunsaturated fatty acids of ?3 family: eicosapentaenoic, 20:5?3 (EPA) and docosahexaenoic, 22:6?3 (DHA). Heat treatment in general did not decrease content of EPA and DHA in humpback, except a modest reduction during frying. Cooked humpback appeared to be the valuable source of essential ?3 PUFAs, namely EPA and DHA. It was hypothesized that the absence of significant reduction of PUFAs' contents in red flesh of fishes of Salmonidae family during heat treatment may be due to a high level of natural antioxidants which formed in the course of evolution as adaptation to their ecological niche. В© 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Makhrov A. A.
Заглавие : A narrowing of the phenotypic diversity range after large rearrangements of the karyotype in salmonidae: The relationship between saltational genome rearrangements and gradual adaptive evolution
Место публикации : Genes: MDPI AG, 2017. - Vol. 8, Is. 11. - ISSN 20734425 (ISSN) , DOI 10.3390/genes8110297
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): ecology--evolution--genome--karyotype--morphology--ecology--gene rearrangement--genome--karyotype--morphology--nonhuman--salmonid
Аннотация: The problem of how a gradual development of ecological and morphological adaptations combines with large genome rearrangements, which have been found to occur in the phylogeny of many groups of organisms, is a matter of discussion in the literature. The objective of this work was to study the problem with the example of salmonids, whose evolution included at least six events of multiple chromosome fusions. Large karyotype rearrangements are associated with a decrease in ecological and morphological diversity in salmonids. In the above example, genome rearrangements seem to distort the function of the genetic systems that are responsible for the occurrence of certain ecological forms in salmonids. © 2017 by the authors; Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Makhrov A. A., Artamonova V. S., Kolmakova O. V., Ponomareva M. V.
Заглавие : Sex Determination Model in Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792) (Salmonidae, Osteichthyes) Controlled by Multi-Copy Genes Located in Sex Chromosomes
Колич.характеристики :4 с
Коллективы : Russian Science Foundation [16-14-10001]
Место публикации : Dokl. Biochem. Biophys.: MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER, 2018. - Vol. 478, Is. 1. - С. 21-24. - ISSN 1607-6729, DOI 10.1134/S1607672918010064. - ISSN 1608-3091(eISSN)
Примечания : Cited References:14. - This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 16-14-10001).
Предметные рубрики: FISH
Аннотация: This article is devoted to presenting the hypothesis explaining the fact of a considerable prevalence of phenotypic males among the triploid pink salmon as well as the regular occurrence of intersexes, which were revealed by us. This hypothesis also explains the large proportion (in some cases) in pink salmon populations of the individuals whose genetic sex does not match the phenotypic sex. We assume that the genes encoding the factors that contribute to the transformation of individuals into males (but not the marker sequences of the Y chromosome) are present not only in the Y chromosome of pink salmon but also in the X chromosome, although in smaller quantities.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Makhrov A. A., Artamonova V. S., Murza I. G., Pashkov A. N., Ponomareva M. V., Reshetnikov S. I., Christoforov O. L.
Заглавие : Ecological Forms of Black Sea Brown Trout (Salmo trutta labrax) in the Mzymta River as Manifestation of Ontogenetic Plasticity
Колич.характеристики :11 с
Коллективы : Russian Scientific Foundation [16-14-10001]
Место публикации : Russ. J. Dev. Biol.: MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER, 2018. - Vol. 49, Is. 2. - С. 117-127. - ISSN 1062-3604, DOI 10.1134/S1062360418020054. - ISSN 1608-3326(eISSN)
Примечания : Cited References:77. - This study was supported by the Russian Scientific Foundation, project no. 16-14-10001.
Предметные рубрики: ATLANTIC SALMON
POPULATIONS
HISTORY
L.
MIGRATION
SURVIVAL
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): salmonidae--brown trout--trout--ontogenesis--migrations--maturation--phenotypic plasticity--gonads--smolts
Аннотация: Populations of brown trout in the Mzymta River and its tributaries include anadromous (mainly female) and resident (mainly males) fish. Some resident males in the basin of the Mzymty River attain sexual maturity at the age 1+, and resident females mature at the age 2+ or 3+. The maximum age of resident fish is 4+ in the samples studied. Migrations of anadromous brown trout to the sea occur at the ages 1+, 2+, or 3+. Future spawners spend from 1 to 4 years at feeding grounds in the sea. Smolts of the population are characterized by performing not only spring but also autumn migrations to the sea. One smolt specimen has been detected upstream from the dam in the river where spawners of anadromous brown trout do not migrate; this means that the capability for sea migrations persists long in the population represented only by resident specimens of brown trout. The diversity of life cycles and ecological forms in populations of brown trout is not lower than in populations of brown trout in Northern and Western Europe. The comparison of the data obtained with published data makes it possible to come to the conclusion about the high plasticity of ontogenesis of Black Sea brown trout.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Borovikova, Elena A., Artamonova, Valentina S.
Заглавие : Morphological specificities of vendace (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae: Coregoninae: Coregonus albula) population in Lake Pleshcheyevo (the Volga River basin): relationships of two phylogenetic lineages in a new zone of secondary contact
Колич.характеристики :12 с
Коллективы : Russian Science Foundation [16-14-10001]
Место публикации : Org. Divers. Evol.: SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2018. - Vol. 18, Is. 3. - С. 355-366. - ISSN 1439-6092, DOI 10.1007/s13127-018-0375-5. - ISSN 1618-1077(eISSN)
Примечания : Cited References:46. - The preparation of this manuscript was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant no. 16-14-10001.
Предметные рубрики: ECOLOGICAL DIVERGENCE
SPECIES PAIR
ORIGIN
EVOLUTIONARY
WHITEFISH
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): vendace--morphological characters--allopatric origin--phylogenetic--lineages--lake pleshcheyevo
Аннотация: This is the report about the secondary contact zone of coregonids in the Upper Volga basin. Two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) phylogenetic lineages of vendace Coregonus albula (Linnaeus, 1758) living in Lake Pleshcheyevo have been analyzed and compared in terms of morphological characters. These lineages have developed under the conditions of allopatry and are characterized by strong differences of the mitochondrial DNA sequences. The lineages have coexisted in the same lake since the last glaciation maximum (about 10,000years ago). The morphological analysis has shown that representatives of both lineages correspond to C. albula, while slight, morphological variations between lineages indicate different food preferences and locomotor abilities. Scenarios where multiple distinct coexisting phylogenetic lineages are characterized by low levels of morpho-ecological divergence are uncommon. These situations are important for understanding biodiversity dynamics and the mechanisms that drive coexistence, adaptive divergence, hybridization, and extinction when genetically divergent lineages meet in secondary contact.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Artamonova V. S., Makhrov A. A., Gladyshev M. I., Sushchik N. N., Dgebuadze Y. Y.
Заглавие : Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content in Muscle Tissue Is Associated with the Duration of Embryo Development in Salmonoid Fishes (Salmonoidei)
Колич.характеристики :3 с
Коллективы : Russian Science FoundationRussian Science Foundation (RSF) [16-14-10001]
Место публикации : Dokl. Biochem. Biophys.: MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER, 2020. - Vol. 491, Is. 1. - С. 59-61. - ISSN 1607-6729, DOI 10.1134/S1607672920020039. - ISSN 1608-3091(eISSN)
Примечания : Cited References:14. - The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 16-14-10001).
Предметные рубрики: DYNAMICS
FOOD
Аннотация: A hypothesis was advanced and grounded that the total content of eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6n-3) acids in fish muscle tissue is associated with the species-specific (taxon-specific) duration of embryo development. A meta-analysis of the original and published data was performed using fishes of the families Coregonidae and Salmonidae as an example. Fishes with longer embryo development times, which are observed at lower temperatures, were found to have significantly higher EPA + DHA contents in muscles as compared with the species that belong to the same families but have shorter embryo development times. This association was explained by the fact that an embryo forms more cells per unit tissue volume at lower temperatures, which requires a greater specific amount of cell membranes and, therefore, greater amounts of EPA and DHA to produce them.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Artamonova V. S., Afanasyev S. A., Bardukov N. V., Golod V. M., Kokodiy S. V., Koulish A. V., Pashkov A. N., Pipoyan S. K., Reshetnikov S. I., Makhrov A. A.
Заглавие : The Center of Origin and Colonization Routes of Noble Salmons of the GenusSalmo(Salmonidae, Actinopterigii)
Колич.характеристики :7 с
Коллективы : Russian Science FoundationRussian Science Foundation (RSF) [16-14-10001]
Место публикации : Dokl. Biochem. Biophys.: MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER, 2020. - Vol. 493, Is. 1. - С. 171-177. - ISSN 1607-6729, DOI 10.1134/S160767292004002X. - ISSN 1608-3091(eISSN)
Примечания : Cited References:14. - The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 16-14-10001).
Предметные рубрики: PHYLOGENY
Аннотация: Genetic diversity and colonization routes of noble salmons were studied using a partial nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrialCOIgene. The brown troutS. trutta,which is the most ancient species of the genus, was concluded to originate from the modern southeastern Pontic-Caspian area, which is currently inhabited by members of the subspeciesS. trutta oxianus. Migrating westward while the Paratethys was in existence (5-34 million years ago), species of the genus colonized ancient water bodies in the modern Mediterranean basin and formed many isolated populations that survived desiccation of the Mediterranean Sea (5-6 million years ago). The Strait of Gibraltar mediated brown trout migrations to Northern Europe; the subspeciesS. trutta truttabelongs to a relatively young phylogenetic lineage of the species. A separate brown trout lineage, currently classified as the subspeciesS. trutta labrax,formed most likely in the area of the modern Danube basin, which was a relatively separate part of the Paratethys and was sometimes isolated as the Pannonian Lake. A highly divergent phylogenetic lineage of Atlantic salmon (S. salar) haplotypes originates from a haplotype of the brown trout that inhabited the area of the modern Strait of Gibraltar.
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10.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Artamonova V. S., Afanasyev S. A., Bardukov N. V., Golod V. M., Kokodiy S. V., Koulish A. V., Pashkov A. N., Pipoyan S. K., Reshetnikov S. I., Makhrov A. A.
Заглавие : The Center of Origin and Colonization Routes of Noble Salmons of the Genus Salmo (Salmonidae, Actinopterigii)
Место публикации : Doklad. Biochem. Biophys.: Pleiades Publishing, 2020. - Vol. 493, Is. 1. - С. 171-177. - ISSN 16076729 (ISSN), DOI 10.1134/S160767292004002X
Аннотация: Abstract: Genetic diversity and colonization routes of noble salmons were studied using a partial nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial COI gene. The brown trout S. trutta, which is the most ancient species of the genus, was concluded to originate from the modern southeastern Pontic-Caspian area, which is currently inhabited by members of the subspecies S. trutta oxianus. Migrating westward while the Paratethys was in existence (5–34 million years ago), species of the genus colonized ancient water bodies in the modern Mediterranean basin and formed many isolated populations that survived desiccation of the Mediterranean Sea (5–6 million years ago). The Strait of Gibraltar mediated brown trout migrations to Northern Europe; the subspecies S. trutta trutta belongs to a relatively young phylogenetic lineage of the species. A separate brown trout lineage, currently classified as the subspecies S. trutta labrax, formed most likely in the area of the modern Danube basin, which was a relatively separate part of the Paratethys and was sometimes isolated as the Pannonian Lake. A highly divergent phylogenetic lineage of Atlantic salmon (S. salar) haplotypes originates from a haplotype of the brown trout that inhabited the area of the modern Strait of Gibraltar. © 2020, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.
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11.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Borovikova E. A., Budin Y. V.
Заглавие : Morphological and Genetic Diversity of Two Forms of Muksun Coregonus muksun (Salmonidae) of the Khatanga River Basin as a Key for Understanding the Phylogenetic Relationships between Muksun and Whitefish C. lavaretus
Место публикации : J. Ichthyol.: Pleiades journals, 2020. - Vol. 60, Is. 6. - С. 909-922. - ISSN 00329452 (ISSN), DOI 10.1134/S0032945220060016
Аннотация: Abstract: Morphological analysis of muksun Coregonus muksun of the Khatanga River basin revealed that along with its typical high-density-rakered form, individuals of the low-density-rakered form also live in this region. Analysis of the genetic polymorphism of three marker regions of mitochondrial (ND1 and COI fragments) and nuclear (ITS1) DNA indicates the polyphyletic origin of these forms. The revealed low level of genetic differentiation of muksun and whitefish C. lavaretus, along with the available data on the absence of clear diagnostic species characteristics, suggest that they belong to the same biological species C. lavaretus. © 2020, The Author(s).
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12.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Borovikova E. A., Budin, Yu. V.
Заглавие : Morphological and Genetic Diversity of Two Forms of Muksun Coregonus muksun (Salmonidae) of the Khatanga River Basin as a Key for Understanding the Phylogenetic Relationships between Muksun and Whitefish C. lavaretus
Колич.характеристики :14 с
Коллективы : Russian Scientific FoundationRussian Science Foundation (RSF) [16-14-10001]
Место публикации : J. Ichthyol.: PLEIADES PUBLISHING INC, 2020. - Vol. 60, Is. 6. - С. 909-922. - ISSN 0032-9452, DOI 10.1134/S0032945220060016. - ISSN 1555-6425(eISSN)
Примечания : Cited References:52. - The paper is prepared with financial support of the Russian Scientific Foundation, grant no. 16-14-10001.
Предметные рубрики: PHYLOGEOGRAPHY
POPULATION
ALBULA
IDENTIFICATION
PLESHCHEYEVO
MTDNA
Аннотация: Morphological analysis of muksun Coregonus muksun of the Khatanga River basin revealed that along with its typical high-density-rakered form, individuals of the low-density-rakered form also live in this region. Analysis of the genetic polymorphism of three marker regions of mitochondrial (ND1 and COI fragments) and nuclear (ITS1) DNA indicates the polyphyletic origin of these forms. The revealed low level of genetic differentiation of muksun and whitefish C. lavaretus, along with the available data on the absence of clear diagnostic species characteristics, suggest that they belong to the same biological species C. lavaretus.
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13.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Gladyshev, M., I
Заглавие : Terrestrial Sources of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Aquaculture
Колич.характеристики :14 с
Коллективы : Russian FederationRussian Federation [51.1.1, FSRZ-20200006]
Место публикации : J. Ichthyol.: PLEIADES PUBLISHING INC, 2021. - Vol. 61, Is. 4. - С. 632-645. - ISSN 0032-9452, DOI 10.1134/S0032945221030036. - ISSN 1555-6425(eISSN)
Примечания : Cited References:116. - This work was supported by a state assignment within the framework of the program of fundamental research of the Russian Federation, theme 51.1.1 and FSRZ-20200006.
Предметные рубрики: FISH-OIL REPLACEMENT
RAINBOW-TROUT DIETS
ATLANTIC SALMON
Аннотация: The review considers probable ways to overcome the deficiency of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in the human diet through the rational development of aquaculture. Currently, aquaculture is not a producer, but a consumer of polyunsaturated fatty acids, since it is based on feed, the main components of which are fishmeal and fish oil obtained from commercial catches. It is proposed to transform farmed fish from a consumer to producer of these polyunsaturated fatty acids. The source of production of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in aquaculture can be their synthesis by fish from short-chain alpha-linolenic acid contained in the oil of terrestrial agricultural plants. Calculations of the threshold value of the content of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in feed for salmon fish (Salmonidae) with partial replacement of fish oil with vegetable oil are presented. Another possible way to transform aquaculture into a producer of polyunsaturated fatty acids is to partially replace fishmeal in feed with flour from terrestrial invertebrates. Some species of insects and worms that are promising for aquaculture as objects for the production of feed meal are considered.
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14.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Gladyshev, Michail I., Makhrov, Alexander A., Baydarov, Ilia V., Safonova, Stanislava S., Golod, Viktor M., Alekseyev, Sergey S., Glushchenko, Larisa A., Rudchenko, Anastasia E., Karpov, Vladimir A., Sushchik, Nadezhda N.
Заглавие : Fatty Acid Composition and Contents of Fish of Genus Salvelinus from Natural Ecosystems and Aquaculture
Колич.характеристики :17 с
Место публикации : Biomolecules: MDPI, 2022. - Vol. 12, Is. 1. - Ст.144. - ISSN 2218-273X(eISSN), DOI 10.3390/biom12010144
Примечания : Cited References:82
Предметные рубрики: ALPINUS SALMONIDAE
MOLECULAR ACTIVITY
SEASONAL DYNAMICS
SYMPATRIC
Аннотация: Fatty acids (FA) of muscle tissue of Salvelinus species and its forms, S. alpinus, S. boganidae, S. drjagini, and S. fontinalis, from six Russian lakes and two aquacultures, were analyzed. Considerable variations in FA compositions and contents were found, including contents of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (EPA and DHA), which are important indicators of fish nutritive value for humans. As found, contents of EPA+DHA (mg center dot g(-1) wet weight) in muscle tissue of Salvelinus species and forms varied more than tenfold. These differences were supposed to be primarily determined by phylogenetic factors, rather than ecological factors, including food. Two species, S. boganidae and S. drjagini, had the highest EPA+DHA contents in their biomass and thereby could be recommended as promising species for aquaculture to obtain production with especially high nutritive value. Basing on revealed differences in FA composition of wild and farmed fish, levels of 15-17-BFA (branched fatty acids), 18:2NMI (non-methylene interrupted), 20:2NMI, 20:4n-3, and 22:4n-3 fatty acids were recommended for verifying trade label information of fish products on shelves, as the biomarkers to differentiate wild and farmed charr.
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