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1.


   
    Transformation of soil and land resources of the Middle Siberia in the conditions of climatic changes / A. A. Shpedt, N. A. Ligaeva, D. V. Emelyanov // IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science : Institute of Physics Publishing, 2019. - Vol. 315: International Scientific Conference on Agribusiness, Environmental Engineering and Biotechnologies, AGRITECH 2019 (20 June 2019 through 22 June 2019, ) Conference code: 152072, Is. 5. - Ст. 052051, DOI 10.1088/1755-1315/315/5/052051
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
Biotechnology -- Cultivation -- Environmental technology -- Natural resources -- Annual mean -- Climatic changes -- Land resources -- Linear trends -- SIBERIA -- Soil cover -- Soil property -- Soils
Аннотация: The paper describes the fields of transformation of soil and land resources of the Middle Siberia as the result of long-term climatic changes. The description of soil and land resources is given. The climatic changes have been evaluated for the period from 1919 to 2018, and increase of the annual mean air temperature and amount of precipitation in natural zones of the region has been established on the basis of the analysis of linear trends. Under the impact of these factors, shifting of zone borders occurs, which leads to replacement of the soil cover structure at the species, generic and subtype levels. Changing regimes and soil properties cause the necessity to use new sorts and adapted technologies for crop growing. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Держатели документа:
Krasnoyarsk Research Institute of Agriculture SB RAS, Federal Research Center Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS, 66 Svobodny Av, Krasnoyarsk, 660037, Russian Federation
Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny avenue, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russian Federation
Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Akademgorodok, Russian Federation

Доп.точки доступа:
Shpedt, A. A.; Ligaeva, N. A.; Emelyanov, D. V.

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2.


   
    The Restoration Dynamics of Fallow Vegetation in the Steppe Zone of the Khakassia Republic Based on Terrain and Satellite Data / I. Y. Botvich, T. M. Zorkina // Biophysics. - 2019. - Vol. 64, Is. 2. - P309-315, DOI 10.1134/S0006350919020039 . - ISSN 0006-3509
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
fallow lands -- long-term variability (structure -- MODIS -- NDVI -- phytomass) -- projective cover -- restoration of natural vegetation -- satellite and terrain research methods
Аннотация: Abstract: The dynamics and specific features of the restoration of forbs–grass–wormwood and wormwood–grass phytocoenoses on fallow lands in the Altai region, the Republic of Khakassia, were determined on the basis of terrain and satellite data. The species composition, structure, and phytomass of the phytocoenoses were revealed. A gradual formation of structural elements of steppe communities in the studied areas was determined. This work showed the usefulness of time series of satellite data on the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) obtained with the use of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) for the study of specific features of restored fallows. In general the biological parameters, projective cover, and phytomass determine the value of the NDVI. Interannual NDVI variability reflects the rate and time period of fallow restoration. From a certain point, the parameters increased and became close to the steppe (control variant). It has been revealed that not only abiotic factors (climate and soils), but also biotic parameters (grazing and recreational load) affect the NDVI. In this connection, the duration of restoration stages does not always correspond to the published data. They vary under different conditions. Climatic data of the Abakan meteorological station (index 29862 in the network of the World Meteorological Organization) for the period from 2000 to 2017 were statistically treated. The long-term annual average norms of temperatures and precipitation amounts (year and month) for the World Meteorological Organization base period of 1961–1990 were calculated. The dynamics of the temperature and precipitation, using long-term series of data, has been analyzed. © 2019, Pleiades Publishing, Inc.

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Держатели документа:
Institute of Biophysics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Division of Federal Research Center Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russian Federation
Cherepnin Herbarium, Astaf’ev Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University, Krasnoyarsk, 660049, Russian Federation

Доп.точки доступа:
Botvich, I. Y.; Zorkina, T. M.

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3.


   
    Metabolic activity of cryogenic soils in the subarctic zone of Siberia towards “green” bioplastics / S. V. Prudnikova, S. Y. Evgrafova, T. G. Volova // Chemosphere. - 2021. - Vol. 263. - Ст. 128180, DOI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128180 . - ISSN 0045-6535
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
metabolic activity -- P(3HB) bioplastic -- P(3HB) properties -- P(3HB)-degrading strains -- Siberian cryogenic soils -- structure of microbial community -- Aspergillus -- Bacteriology -- Biodegradable polymers -- Biodegradation -- Cryogenics -- Crystallinity -- Metabolism -- Polymer films -- Reinforced plastics -- RNA -- Soils -- Aspergillus fumigatus -- Degree of crystallinity -- Microbial communities -- Nucleotide sequences -- Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate -- Polymer biodegradation -- Soil microbial community -- Surface microstructures -- Bacteria -- bacterial RNA -- fungal RNA -- mineral -- plastic -- poly(3 hydroxybutyric acid) -- polymer -- ribosome RNA -- RNA 16S -- RNA 18S -- RNA 28S -- RNA 5.8S -- abundance -- bacterium -- biodegradation -- biomass -- community structure -- concentration (composition) -- crystallinity -- fungus -- microbial community -- microstructure -- plastic -- polymer -- soil temperature -- subarctic region -- Actinobacteria -- Agrobacterium tumefaciens -- Antarctica -- Arctic -- Article -- Aspergillus fumigatus -- Aspergillus niger -- Bacilli -- Bacillus cereus -- Bacillus pumilus -- bacterial gene -- bacterium isolate -- biodegradability -- biodegradation -- biomass -- Chryseobacterium ioostei -- colony forming unit -- community structure -- concentration (parameter) -- cryogenic soil -- crystallization -- Cupriavidus necator -- ecosystem -- Escherichia coli -- Flavobacteria -- Flavobacterium -- fungal community -- fungal gene -- Fusarium fujikuroi -- Gammaproteobacteria -- green chemistry -- Lactobacterium helveticus -- metabolism -- microbial biomass -- microbial community -- molecular weight -- Mortierella alpina -- Mycobacterium -- Mycobacterium pseudoshotsii -- Nocardioides -- nucleotide sequence -- nucleotide sequence -- Paenibacillus -- Paraburkholderia -- Penicillium -- Penicillium arenicola -- Penicillium glabrum -- Penicillium lanosum -- Penicillium restrictum -- Penicillium spinulosum -- Penicillium thomii -- phylogeny -- Pseudomonas -- Rhizopus oryzae -- Rhodococcus -- RNA sequence -- Russian Federation -- soil -- soil microflora -- soil temperature -- species composition -- Stenotrophomonas -- Streptomyces -- Streptomyces prunicolor -- surface property -- temperature dependence -- thawing -- Variovorax paradoxus -- zpseudomonas lutea -- Siberia -- Aspergillus fumigatus -- Bacillus pumilus -- Bacteria (microorganisms) -- Fungi -- Penicillium thomii -- Pseudomonas sp. -- Rhodococcus sp. -- Stenotrophomonas rhizophila -- Streptomyces prunicolor -- Variovorax paradoxus
Аннотация: The present study investigates, for the first time, the structure of the microbial community of cryogenic soils in the subarctic region of Siberia and the ability of the soil microbial community to metabolize degradable microbial bioplastic – poly-3-hydroxybutyrate [P(3HB)]. When the soil thawed, with the soil temperature between 5-7 and 9–11 °C, the total biomass of microorganisms at a 10-20-cm depth was 226–234 mg g?1 soil and CO2 production was 20–46 mg g?1 day?1. The total abundance of microscopic fungi varied between (7.4 ± 2.3) ? 103 and (18.3 ± 2.2) ? 103 CFU/g soil depending on temperature; the abundance of bacteria was several orders of magnitude greater: (1.6 ± 0.1) ? 106 CFU g?1 soil. The microbial community in the biofilm formed on the surface of P(3HB) films differed from the background soil in concentrations and composition of microorganisms. The activity of microorganisms caused changes in the surface microstructure of polymer films, a decrease in molecular weight, and an increase in the degree of crystallinity of P(3HB), indicating polymer biodegradation due to metabolic activity of microorganisms. The clear-zone technique – plating of isolates on the mineral agar with polymer as sole carbon source – was used to identify P(3HB)-degrading microorganisms inhabiting cryogenic soil in Evenkia. Analysis of nucleotide sequences of rRNA genes was performed to identify the following P(3HB)-degrading species: Bacillus pumilus, Paraburkholderia sp., Pseudomonas sp., Rhodococcus sp., Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, Streptomyces prunicolor, and Variovorax paradoxus bacteria and the Penicillium thomii, P. arenicola, P. lanosum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and A. niger fungi. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd

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Держатели документа:
Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny Pr, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russian Federation
V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”, 50/28 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russian Federation
Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”, 50/50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russian Federation
Melnikov Permafrost Institute, SB RAS, 36 Merzlotnaya St., Yakutsk, 677010, Russian Federation

Доп.точки доступа:
Prudnikova, S. V.; Evgrafova, S. Y.; Volova, T. G.

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4.


   
    Autochthonous microbial cenosis as a potential source of antagonistic strains for biological struggle against wheat fusarium in biotechnical life support systems / S. V. Khizhnyak, S. A. Petrushkina, V. E. Chernov [и др.] // Aviakosmicheskaya Ekol. Med. - 2020. - Vol. 54, Is. 3. - С. 84-91, DOI 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-3-84-91 . - ISSN 0233-528X
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
Biological protection of plants against diseases -- Biotechnical life support systems -- Fusarium -- Wheat
Аннотация: The paper dwells upon the use of autochthonous microbial cinosis as a source of antagonistic strains for bioprotection of wheat against Fusarium in biotechnical life support systems (BT LSS). Six bacterial strains antagonistic to 9 phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium responsible for seedling blight of wheat in BT LSS were isolated from hydroponic solutions and artificial soils and subject to the genetic typing. Five strains represent bacteria g. Bacillus, one strain - Chryseobacterium. The 16S rRNA sequencing showed 94 to 100 % genetic affinity with typical cultures. All spore-forming strains-antagonists were capable of germinating and going through the whole development cycle In the presence of swelling wheat seeds. The isolates did not demonstrate antagonism to each other and can grow in a mixed culture. Spectra and levels of the antiobiotic activity of the antagonists, along with the Fusarium sensitivity to their antibiotic action, differed statistically (p < 0.001). None of the antagonists was capable of suppressing the entire Fusarium spectrum detected in BT LSS individually. At the same time, treatment of seeds with a mixture of antagonists suppressed totally fungal development in wheat artificially inoculated by Fusarium conidia from a BT LSS roll culture, and had a statistical stimulating effect (p = 0.01) on seedlings. © 2020 Slovo Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Держатели документа:
Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University, Russian Federation
Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center «Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS», Russian Federation
Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation

Доп.точки доступа:
Khizhnyak, S. V.; Petrushkina, S. A.; Chernov, V. E.; Ushakova, S. A.; Tikhomirov, A. A.

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5.


   
    Effect of soil salinization on the productivity of pasture in the arid land / N. A. Kononova, T. I. Pisman, A. P. Shevyrnogov // IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science : IOP Publishing Ltd, 2020. - Vol. 548: 3rd International Conference on Agribusiness, Environmental Engineering and Biotechnologies, AGRITECH-III 2020 (18 June 2020 through 20 June 2020, ) Conference code: 162670, Is. 7. - Ст. 072063, DOI 10.1088/1755-1315/548/7/072063
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
Biodiversity -- Biotechnology -- Ecosystems -- Plants (botany) -- Productivity -- Different soils -- Field investigation -- Field studies -- Halophytic plants -- Plant communities -- Seasonal dynamics -- Soil salinity -- Soil salinization -- Soils
Аннотация: This study compares the field data of the seasonal dynamics of halophytic plant productivity as dependent upon soil salinity level and soil type. The field study was carried out in the coastal area of Lake Kurinka (the Republic of Khakasia, south of Middle Siberia) between May and September of 2014 and 2016. Two plant communities with different soil salinity levels were studied. Results of the field investigation show that there is a correlation between plant growth and the soil salinity level. With high-salinity (3.72%) soils, the productivity of halophyte plants is lower than productivity with low-salinity (0.175%) soils. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

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Держатели документа:
Institute of Biophysics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 50/50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russian Federation

Доп.точки доступа:
Kononova, N. A.; Pisman, T. I.; Shevyrnogov, A. P.

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6.


   
    Biological activity of carbonic nano-structures—comparison via enzymatic bioassay / A. S. Sachkova [et al.] // J. Soils Sed. - 2018, DOI 10.1007/s11368-018-2134-9 . - Article in press. - ISSN 1439-0108
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
Antioxidant activity -- Bioactive compounds -- Fullerenol -- Humic substances -- Reactive oxygen species -- Toxicity
Аннотация: Purpose: The aim of the work is to compare the biological activity of carbonic nano-structures of natural and artificial origination, namely, humic substances (HS) and fullerenols. Materials and methods: The representative of the fullerenol group, С60Оy(OH)x where у + x = 20–22, was chosen. Enzyme-based luminescent bioassay was applied to evaluate toxicity and antioxidant properties of HS and fullerenol (F); chemiluminescent luminol method was used to study a content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the solutions. Toxicity of the bioactive compounds was evaluated using effective concentrations ЕС50; detoxification coefficients DOxT were applied to study and compare antioxidant activity of the compounds. Antioxidant activity and ranges of active concentrations of the bioactive compounds were determined in model solutions of organic and inorganic oxidizers—1,4-benzoquinone and potassium ferricianide. Results and discussion: Values of ЕС50 revealed higher toxicity of HS than F (0.005 and 0.108 g L?1, respectively); detoxifying concentrations of F were found to be lower. Antioxidant ability of HS was demonstrated to be time-dependent; the 50-min preliminary incubation in oxidizer solutions was suggested as optimal for the detoxification procedure. On the contrary, F’ antioxidant effect demonstrated independency on time. Antioxidant effect of HS did not depend on amphiphilic characteristics of the media (values of DOxT were 1.3 in the solutions of organic and inorganic oxidizers), while this of F was found to depend: it was maximal (DOxT = 2.0) in solutions of organic oxidizer, 1,4-benzoquinone. Conclusions: Both HS and F demonstrated toxicity and low-concentration antioxidant ability; however, quantitative characteristics of their effects were different. The differences were explained with HS polyfunctionality, higher ability to decrease ROS content, non-rigidity, and diffusion restrictions in their solutions. Antioxidant effect of the bioactive compounds was presumably attributed to catalytic redox activity of their ?-fragments. The paper demonstrates a high potential of luminescent enzymatic bioassay to study biological activity of nano-structures of natural and artificial origination. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

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Держатели документа:
National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
Institute of Biophysics FRC KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russian Federation
Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russian Federation
Institute of Physics FRC KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russian Federation
Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Irkutsk, 664074, Russian Federation

Доп.точки доступа:
Sachkova, A. S.; Kovel, E. S.; Churilov, G. N.; Stom, D. I.; Kudryasheva, N. S.

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7.


   
    Microbial transformation of carbon CH4 and CO2 in permafrost-affected soils in tundra and forest ecosystems in Siberia / I. D. Grodnitskaya [и др.] // Russ. J. For. Sci. - 2017. - Is. 2. - С. 111-127 . - ISSN 0024-1148
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
Bacterial diversity -- CH4 and CO2 emission -- Dynamics and activity of microbial complexes -- Frost-crack polygons -- Larch forests -- Tundra -- Сryogenic soils
Аннотация: We studied structure, dynamics and functional (biogeochemical) activity of microbial complexes of cryogenic soils in larch forests in Central Evenkia and polygonal tundra on Samoilovskii Island, Lena Delta. We found that daily flux of methane from soil surface is 3–5 times less in forest soil than in the center of polygon in tundra. Short-term heating to 18.5–22.5 °C of permafrost-affected soil in larch forest caused sweetening of soil solution, shrinkage of eco-trophic groups of microorganisms and microbial biomass, as well as increase in greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) emission to the air. Notably the permafrost-affected soil on sandy deposits in tundra had highest microbial diversity of methanogenic archaea including Methanobacteriaceae, Methanomicrobiaceae, Methanosarcinaceae, Methanosaetaceae families. On the other hand only Methanosarcinacea were found in cryosols of larch forest. Both type I and type II methanotrophs were found in the forest soil, while only type II methanotrophs occurred in tundra soil. © 2017, Izdatel’stvo Nauka. All rights reserved.

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Держатели документа:
Forest Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academgorodok, 50, bldg. 28, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Krasnoyarsk filial of the Information and Methodological Center for Expert Evaluation, Recording and Analysis of Circulation of Medical Products, Roszdravnadzor, Kutuzova st., 1, bldg. 1, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Institute of Biophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academgorodok, 50, bldg. 50, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Roche Diagnostika Rus Ltd., Letnikovskaya, 2, bldg. 2, Moscow, Russian Federation

Доп.точки доступа:
Grodnitskaya, I. D.; Sorokin, N. D.; Evgrafova, S. Y.; Antonov, G. I.; Syrtsov, S. N.; Aleksandrov, D. E.; Trusova, M. Y.; Koroban, N. V.

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8.


   
    An elementary multistage discrete model of soil organic matter transformations with a continuous scale of stability / S. I. Bartsev, A. A. Pochekutov // Ecol. Model. - 2019. - Vol. 393. - P61-65, DOI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.12.012 . - ISSN 0304-3800
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
Kinetics of soil organic matter transformations -- Model of soil organic matter transformations -- Soil organic matter -- Biogeochemistry -- Biological materials -- Decay (organic) -- Organic compounds -- Soils -- Continuous scale -- Discrete modeling -- Elementary model -- Law of mass action -- Multistage process -- Realistic model -- Soil organic matters -- Transformation process -- Mathematical transformations -- biotransformation -- chemical alteration -- decomposition -- numerical model -- reaction kinetics -- soil organic matter
Аннотация: The proposed elementary mathematical model of formation and decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) is based on using equations of chemical kinetics to describe the multistage process of SOM transformation. The model both describes each step of transformation in accordance with the law of mass action and postulates the trend of increasing stability of the matter towards further transformation, which is common for all steps. Analysis of the model demonstrates that it is extremely difficult to construct a realistic model of SOM dynamics by assembling elementary models of the type presented in this study into the full description of SOM transformation processes. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.

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Держатели документа:
Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology of Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation

Доп.точки доступа:
Bartsev, S. I.; Pochekutov, A. A.

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9.


   
    Enzymatic bioassay of soil: Sensitivity comparison of mono-, double- And triple-enzyme systems to soil toxicants / O. S. Sutormin [и др.] // Tsitologiya. - 2018. - Vol. 60, Is. 10. - С. 826-829, DOI 10.7868/S0041377118100132 . - ISSN 0041-3771
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
Bacterial luciferase -- Bioluminescent analysis -- Coupled enzyme systems -- Ecological monitoring -- Enzymatic toxicity bioassays -- Lactate dehydrogenase -- NADH:FMN-oxidoreductase -- Soil
Аннотация: In this paper, we have investigated the possibilities of application of enzymatic systems with increasing chain length as a bioassay to evaluate the soil contamination status. The sensitivity of monoenzyme reaction as well as double- and triple-enzyme chains based on NAD(P)H:FMN-oxidoreductase and luciferase of luminous bacteria and lactate dehydrogenase to pesticides and copper ions in water and water extracts from soils were estimated. For this, the toxicological parameter IC 20 reflecting the sensitivity limit of the enzyme system to the to-xicant was used. It was revealed that elongation of the coupled enzyme chain (from mono- to triple-enzyme) increases the sensitivity of the bioassay, in some cases by several orders of magnitude. This pattern can be used as a tool to improve the properties of enzymic bioassays. The effect of extracts from uncontaminated soils of various types on enzymatic systems also differs, which makes possible to design the specialized enzymatic bioassays as well. © 2018 Sankt Peterburg.All rights reserved.

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Держатели документа:
Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russian Federation
Institute of Biophysics Siberian Branch of RAS, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russian Federation

Доп.точки доступа:
Sutormin, O. S.; Kolosova, E. M.; Nemtseva, A. V.; Iskorneva, I. V.; Lisitsa, A. A.; Matvienko, V. S.; Esimbekova, A. N.; Kratasyuk, V. A.

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10.


   
    Remote Ground-Based and Satellite Monitoring of Vegetation / A. P. Shevyrnogov [et al.] // Her. Russ. Acad. Sci. - 2018. - Vol. 88, Is. 6. - P469-474, DOI 10.1134/S1019331618060138. - Cited References:20. - This study was performed within the RAS Siberian Branch Integrated Basic Research Program "Interdisciplinary Integrative Studies" for 2018-2020 (project no. 74) and a state assignment (state registration AAAA-A17-117013050027-1). . - ISSN 1019-3316. - ISSN 1555-6492
РУБ History & Philosophy Of Science + Multidisciplinary Sciences
Рубрики:
GROWTH
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
agrocenoses -- grass vegetation -- halophytes -- ground spectrometry -- satellite sensing -- chlorophyll photosynthetic potential -- mathematical -- modeling
Аннотация: Prospects for remote ground and satellite sensing to monitor agricultural (agrocenoses) and grass (meadows and steppes) vegetation are considered. This helps assess chlorophyll contents, crop yields, impurities of territories and identify agrocenoses. Investigation of vegetation on salinized soils identified the necessity to consider the succession of limiting factors (temperature and the degree of soil salinization). The results of studies on grassland plant communities in Khakassia based on geobotanical descriptions and ground spectral measurements are presented, allowing the refinement of methods that improve the accuracy of deciphering satellite images of medium and low resolutions.

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Держатели документа:
Russian Acad Sci, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk Res Ctr, Inst Biophys, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.

Доп.точки доступа:
Shevyrnogov, A. P.; Botvich, I. Yu.; Kononova, N. A.; Pis'man, T. I.; RAS Siberian Branch Integrated Basic Research Program "Interdisciplinary Integrative Studies" for 2018-2020 [74]

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11.


   
    Metabolic activity of cryogenic soils in the subarctic zone of Siberia towards "green" bioplastics / S. V. Prudnikova, S. Y. Evgrafova, T. G. Volova // Chemosphere. - 2021. - Vol. 263. - Ст. 128180, DOI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128180. - Cited References:101. - This study (polymer synthesis and investigation) was financially supported by Project "Agropreparations of the new generation: a strategy of construction and realization" (Agreement No 074-02-2018-328) in accordance with Resolution No 220 of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 9, 2010, "On measures designed to attract leading scientists to the Russian institutions of higher learning", and by the State assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation No. FSRZ-2020-0006 (investigation of polymer degradation in soils of Evenkia). . - ISSN 0045-6535. - ISSN 1879-1298
РУБ Environmental Sciences

Кл.слова (ненормированные):
Siberian cryogenic soils -- P(3HB) bioplastic -- metabolic activity -- structure of microbial community -- P(3HB)-degrading strains -- P(3HB) -- properties
Аннотация: The present study investigates, for the first time, the structure of the microbial community of cryogenic soils in the subarctic region of Siberia and the ability of the soil microbial community to metabolize degradable microbial bioplastic - poly-3-hydroxybutyrate [P(3HB)]. When the soil thawed, with the soil temperature between 5-7 and 9-11 degrees C, the total biomass of microorganisms at a 10-20-cm depth was 226-234 mg g(-1) soil and CO2 production was 20-46 mg g(-1)W day(-1). The total abundance of microscopic fungi varied between (7.4 +/- 2.3) x 10(3) and (18.3 +/- 2.2) x 10(3) CFU/g soil depending on temperature; the abundance of bacteria was several orders of magnitude greater: (1.6 +/- 0.1) x 10(6) CFU g(-1) soil. The microbial community in the biofilm formed on the surface of P(3HB) films differed from the background soil in concentrations and composition of microorganisms. The activity of microorganisms caused changes in the surface microstructure of polymer films, a decrease in molecular weight, and an increase in the degree of crystallinity of P(3HB), indicating polymer biodegradation due to metabolic activity of microorganisms. The clear-zone technique e plating of isolates on the mineral agar with polymer as sole carbon source e was used to identify P(3HB)-degrading microorganisms inhabiting cryogenic soil in Evenkia. Analysis of nucleotide sequences of rRNA genes was performed to identify the following P(3HB)degrading species: Bacillus pumilus, Paraburkholderia sp., Pseudomonas sp., Rhodococcus sp., Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, Streptomyces prunicolor, and Variovorax paradoxus bacteria and the Penicillium thomii, P. arenicola, P. lanosum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and A. niger fungi. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Держатели документа:
Siberian Fed Univ, 79 Svobodny Pr, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia.
Krasnoyarsk Sci Ctr SB RAS, Fed Res Ctr, VN Sukachev Inst Forest, 50-28 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
Krasnoyarsk Sci Ctr SB RAS, Fed Res Ctr, Inst Biophys SB RAS, 50-50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
SB RAS, Melnikov Permafrost Inst, 36 Merzlotnaya St, Yakutsk 677010, Russia.

Доп.точки доступа:
Prudnikova, Svetlana, V; Evgrafova, Svetlana Yu; Volova, Tatiana G.; Project "Agropreparations of the new generation: a strategy of construction and realization" [074-02-2018-328]; Government of the Russian Federation [220]; Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation [FSRZ-2020-0006]

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12.


   
    Transport of Artificial Radionuclides over Long Distances Downstream along the Yenisei River during the 1966 Extreme Flood Event / A. Y. Bolsunovsky, D. V. Dementyev, V. I. Vakhrushev // Dokl. Earth Sci. - 2021. - Vol. 498, Is. 2. - P514-518, DOI 10.1134/S1028334X21060052. - Cited References:12. - This study was supported in part by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project no. 18-44-240001. . - ISSN 1028-334X. - ISSN 1531-8354
РУБ Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Рубрики:
SEDIMENTS
   ELEMENTS

Кл.слова (ненормированные):
bottom sediments -- the Yenisei River -- extreme flood event -- artificial -- radionuclides -- dating of layers
Аннотация: Long-term research has revealed layers with abnormally high concentrations of Cs-137 in bottom sediments and alluvial soils in the floodplain of the Yenisei River at various distances (as far as 820 km) downstream from the radioactive discharge point of the Mining-and-Chemical Combine (MCC) of Rosatom. The highest activity concentration of Cs-137 in these layers reached 26 000 Bq/kg, which was higher than the Cs-137 maximum at the well-known radioactive anomaly in the Yeniseisk riparian zone (330 km downstream from the MCC), which was formed during the 1966 extreme flood event. The radionuclide composition and the Cs-137/Eu-152 and Cs-137/Co-60 ratios in the anomalous layers studied were the same as those at the Yeniseisk anomalous site, suggesting that they had the same origin by the transport of sediments from the MCC area during the 1966 extreme flood event. The transport of radioactive bottom sediments over long distances from the MCC discharge point downstream along the Yenisei River during the 1966 extreme flood event may continue to pose a possible radiation hazard to the river ecosystem and residents of riverside villages.

WOS
Держатели документа:
Russian Acad Sci, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk Sci Ctr, Inst Biophys, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.

Доп.точки доступа:
Bolsunovsky, A. Ya.; Dementyev, D. V.; Vakhrushev, V. I.; Russian Foundation for Basic ResearchRussian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) [18-44-240001]

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13.


   
    USE OF SPECTRAL SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS FOR MAPPING SOIL COVER STRUCTURE UNDER KRASNOYARSK FOREST-STEPPE CONDITIONS / V. Latysheva, T. Demyanenko, I. Botvich [et al.] ; ed.: GMT Gennady [et al.] // REGIONAL PROBLEMS OF EARTH REMOTE SENSING (RPERS 2020) : E D P SCIENCES, 2020. - Vol. 223: Conference on Regional Problems of Earth Remote Sensing (RPERS) (SEP 29-OCT 02, 2020, Krasnoyarsk, RUSSIA). - Ст. 03003. - (E3S Web of Conferences), DOI 10.1051/e3sconf/202022303003. - Cited References:6 . -
РУБ Environmental Sciences + Geosciences, Multidisciplinary + Remote Sensing

Аннотация: The relations between the spectral surface characteristics of the elements of the soil cover structure and soil properties in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe of Central Siberia were investigated. It was revealed that the most informative parameters for field spectrometry are the content of humus, carbonate carbon dioxide and the prevailing particle-size fractions. A statistically significant relationship between the elements of the soil cover structure and the reflectivity of soils has been confirmed by means of multidimensional statistics. The wave lengths with the greatest coupling force are highlighted. Regression equations for remote study of soil cover structure have been obtained, which can be used if additional point studies are carried out in a wider range of test parameters. Keywords: soil cover structure, spectral brightness coefficient, humus, particle-size distribution, multiple regression.

WOS
Держатели документа:
Fed State Budget Educ Inst Higher Educ Krasnoyars, 90 Mira Ave, Krasnoyarsk 660049, Russia.
SB RAS, Inst Biophys, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.

Доп.точки доступа:
Latysheva, Valentina; Demyanenko, Tatyana; Botvich, Irina; Emelyanov, Dmitriy; Khizhnyak, Sergey; Gennady, GMT \ed.\; Noskov, M.V. \ed.\; Maglinets, Y.A. \ed.\

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14.


   
    Effect of soil salinization on the productivity of pasture in the arid land / N. A. Kononova, T. I. Pisman, A. P. Shevyrnogov // IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Envir. Sci. : IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2020. - Vol. 548: 3rd International Conference on Agribusiness, Environmental Engineering (JUN 18-20, 2020, Krasnoyarsk, RUSSIA). - Ст. 072063. - (IOP Conference Series-Earth and Environmental Science), DOI 10.1088/1755-1315/548/7/072063. - Cited References:15 . -
РУБ Agricultural Engineering + Agriculture, Multidisciplinary + Ecology
Рубрики:
PLANT
   MARSH

Аннотация: This study compares the field data of the seasonal dynamics of halophytic plant productivity as dependent upon soil salinity level and soil type. The field study was carried out in the coastal area of Lake Kurinka (the Republic of Khakasia, south of Middle Siberia) between May and September of 2014 and 2016. Two plant communities with different soil salinity levels were studied. Results of the field investigation show that there is a correlation between plant growth and the soil salinity level. With high-salinity (3.72%) soils, the productivity of halophyte plants is lower than productivity with low-salinity (0.175%) soils.

WOS
Держатели документа:
Russian Acad Sci, Inst Biophys, Siberian Branch, 50-50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.

Доп.точки доступа:
Kononova, N. A.; Pisman, T., I; Shevyrnogov, A. P.; Kononova, Natalia

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15.


   
    Bioluminescent enzyme inhibition-based assay for the prediction of toxicity of pollutants in urban soils / E. M. Kolosova, O. S. Sutormin, L. V. Stepanova [et al.] // Environ. Technol. Innov. - 2021. - Vol. 24. - Ст. 101842, DOI 10.1016/j.eti.2021.101842. - Cited References:46. - This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Government of the Krasnoyarsk Region, Russia, and Krasnoyarsk Regional Foundation for Supporting Scientific and Technological Activities, Russia [grant number 18-47-240005] in the field of statistical analysis and interpretation of the data; and the work related to the sample collection was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation [grant number FSRZ-2020-0006]. . - ISSN 2352-1864
РУБ Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology + Engineering, Environmental
Рубрики:
FLUORIDE
   BIOASSAYS

   POLLUTION

   METALS

   WATER

Кл.слова (ненормированные):
Urbostratozems -- Soil pollution -- Industrial contamination -- Bioassay -- Bioluminescence
Аннотация: There is a need for rapid simple and informative environmental assessment methods. The present investigation is aimed at assessing the possibility of using the combined enzyme system of luminescent bacteria: NAD(P)H:FMN-oxidoreductase + luciferase (Red + Luc) for predicting the potential toxicity of industrial urbostratozems sampled in the city of Krasnoyarsk. Three groups of urbostratozems polluted with fluorine, arsenic and lead, were tested by the methods of chemical analysis and enzymatic bioassay. Only the assessment of the arsenic-contaminated soil samples showed the dependence between the reduced activity of the enzyme system and the arsenic concentration variations. The results reveal that the sensitivity of the Red + Luc enzyme system to the soil pollutants depends on the properties of the studied soil samples. Moreover, the solubility of lead in the soil samples affects the accuracy of the enzymatic bioassays for soil toxicity testing. The results of the enzymatic bioassay of the fluoride-contaminated soil samples are ambiguous. The obtained data show the relevance of the sample preparation during integral bioassays. In addition, soil properties should be taken into account as well. The current study emphasizes the importance of conducting chemical and biological testing as a combined set to obtain comprehensive information about the anthropogenic load. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

WOS
Держатели документа:
Siberian Fed Univ, Dept Biophys, 79 Svobodny St, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia.
Russian Acad Sci, Krasnoyarsk Agr Res Inst, Fed Res Ctr Krasnoyarsk Sci Ctr Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
Siberian Fed Univ, Dept Aquat & Terr Ecosyst, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia.
Russian Acad Sci, Photobiol Lab, Inst Biophys, Fed Res Ctr `Krasnoyarsk Sci Ctr Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.

Доп.точки доступа:
Kolosova, Elizaveta M.; Sutormin, Oleg S.; Stepanova, L. V.; Shpedt, Aleksandr A.; Rimatskaya, N. V.; Sukovataya, Irina E.; Kratasyuk, Valentina A.; Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Government of the Krasnoyarsk Region, Russia; Krasnoyarsk Regional Foundation for Supporting Scientific and Technological Activities, Russia [18-47-240005]; Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation [FSRZ-2020-0006]

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16.


   
    Bioluminescent enzyme inhibition-based assay for the prediction of toxicity of pollutants in urban soils / E. M. Kolosova, O. S. Sutormin, L. V. Stepanova [et al.] // Environ. Technol. Innov. - 2021. - Vol. 24. - Ст. 101842, DOI 10.1016/j.eti.2021.101842 . - ISSN 2352-1864
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
Bioassay -- Bioluminescence -- Industrial contamination -- Soil pollution -- Urbostratozems -- Arsenic -- Chemical analysis -- Enzyme activity -- Enzyme inhibition -- Fluorine compounds -- Soil surveys -- Soil testing -- Soils -- Toxicity -- Arsenic concentration -- Chemical and biologicals -- Comprehensive information -- Contaminated soils -- Environmental assessment methods -- Enzymatic bioassays -- Luminescent bacteria -- Sample preparation -- Soil pollution
Аннотация: There is a need for rapid simple and informative environmental assessment methods. The present investigation is aimed at assessing the possibility of using the combined enzyme system of luminescent bacteria: NAD(P)H:FMN-oxidoreductase + luciferase (Red + Luc) for predicting the potential toxicity of industrial urbostratozems sampled in the city of Krasnoyarsk. Three groups of urbostratozems polluted with fluorine, arsenic and lead, were tested by the methods of chemical analysis and enzymatic bioassay. Only the assessment of the arsenic-contaminated soil samples showed the dependence between the reduced activity of the enzyme system and the arsenic concentration variations. The results reveal that the sensitivity of the Red + Luc enzyme system to the soil pollutants depends on the properties of the studied soil samples. Moreover, the solubility of lead in the soil samples affects the accuracy of the enzymatic bioassays for soil toxicity testing. The results of the enzymatic bioassay of the fluoride-contaminated soil samples are ambiguous. The obtained data show the relevance of the sample preparation during integral bioassays. In addition, soil properties should be taken into account as well. The current study emphasizes the importance of conducting chemical and biological testing as a combined set to obtain comprehensive information about the anthropogenic load. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.

Scopus
Держатели документа:
Department of Biophysics, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russian Federation
Krasnoyarsk Agricultural Research Institute, Federal Research Center ‘Krasnoyarsk Science Center Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences’, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russian Federation
Department of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russian Federation
Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Federal Research Center ‘Krasnoyarsk Science Center Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences’, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russian Federation

Доп.точки доступа:
Kolosova, E. M.; Sutormin, O. S.; Stepanova, L. V.; Shpedt, A. A.; Rimatskaya, N. V.; Sukovataya, I. E.; Kratasyuk, V. A.

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17.


   
    Software for matching standard activity enzyme biosensors for soil pollution analysis / V. A. Kratasyuk, E. M. Kolosova, O. S. Sutormin [et al.] // Sensors. - 2021. - Vol. 21, Is. 3. - Ст. 1017. - P1-10, DOI 10.3390/s21031017 . - ISSN 1424-8220
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
Bacterial luciferase -- Biosensors -- Butyrylcholinesterase -- Enzyme -- Lactic dehydrogenase -- Software -- Soil pollution -- Biosensors -- Soil pollution -- Soil surveys -- Soils -- Commercial standards -- Environmental Monitoring -- Enzyme biosensors -- Enzyme systems -- Inhibitory effect -- JavaScript programming -- Soil sample -- Toxic agents -- Enzyme activity
Аннотация: This work is dedicated to developing enzyme biosensor software to solve problems regarding soil pollution analysis. An algorithm and specialised software have been developed which stores, analyses and visualises data using JavaScript programming language. The developed software is based on matching data of 51 non-commercial standard soil samples and their inhibitory effects on three enzyme systems of varying complexity. This approach is able to identify the influence of chemical properties soil samples, without toxic agents, on enzyme biosensors. Such software may find wide use in environmental monitoring. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Scopus
Держатели документа:
Department of Biophysics, Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechology, Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny pr, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russian Federation
Federal Research Center ‘Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS’, Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, 50/50 Akagemgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russian Federation
Department of High-Efficiency Calculations, Siberian Federal University, 26-ULK building Kirensky St, Krasnoyarsk, 660074, Russian Federation
Federal Research Center ‘Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS’, Krasnoyarsk Research Institute of Agriculture, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, 66 Svobodny pr, Krasnoyarsk, 660037, Russian Federation
Federal Research Center ‘Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center SB RAS’, Krasnoyarsk Research Institute of Agricultural, Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny pr, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russian Federation

Доп.точки доступа:
Kratasyuk, V. A.; Kolosova, E. M.; Sutormin, O. S.; Lonshakova-Mukina, V. I.; Baygin, M. M.; Rimatskaya, N. V.; Sukovataya, I. E.; Shpedt, A. A.

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18.


   
    Use of spectral surface characteristics for mapping soil cover structure under Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe conditions / V. Latysheva, T. Demyanenko, I. Botvich [et al.] // E3S Web of Conferences : EDP Sciences, 2020. - Vol. 223: 2020 Regional Problems of Earth Remote Sensing, RPERS 2020 (29 September 2020 through 2 October 2020, ) Conference code: 166122. - Ст. 03003, DOI 10.1051/e3sconf/202022303003
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
Humus -- Multiple regression -- Particle-size distribution -- Soil cover structure -- Spectral brightness coefficient -- Carbon dioxide -- Forestry -- Particle size -- Photomapping -- Remote sensing -- Soil testing -- Field spectrometry -- Informative parameters -- Particle-size fractions -- Regression equation -- Soil cover -- Soil property -- Surface characteristics -- Test parameters -- Soils
Аннотация: The relations between the spectral surface characteristics of the elements of the soil cover structure and soil properties in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe of Central Siberia were investigated. It was revealed that the most informative parameters for field spectrometry are the content of humus, carbonate carbon dioxide and the prevailing particle-size fractions. A statistically significant relationship between the elements of the soil cover structure and the reflectivity of soils has been confirmed by means of multidimensional statistics. The wave lengths with the greatest coupling force are highlighted. Regression equations for remote study of soil cover structure have been obtained, which can be used if additional point studies are carried out in a wider range of test parameters. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2020.

Scopus
Держатели документа:
Fed. State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University, 90 Mira Avenue, Krasnoyarsk City, 660049, Russian Federation
Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russian Federation

Доп.точки доступа:
Latysheva, V.; Demyanenko, T.; Botvich, I.; Emelyanov, D.; Khizhnyak, S.

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19.


   
    Constructing Slow-Release Metribuzin Formulations by Co-extrusion of the Pesticide with Poly-?-Caprolactone / A. N. Boyandin, E. A. Kazantseva // Macromol. Sympos. - 2021. - Vol. 395, Is. 1. - Ст. 2000283, DOI 10.1002/masy.202000283 . - ISSN 1022-1360
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
extrusion -- herbicides -- long-term -- pesticides -- polycaprolactone -- Biodegradable polymers -- Biodegradation -- Degradation -- Extrusion -- Melting -- Soils -- Weed control -- Biodegradable polyesters -- Caprolactone -- Degradation rate -- Long-term release -- Low cost methods -- Pesticide formulations -- Soil applications -- Soil degradation -- Herbicides
Аннотация: A simple and low-cost method of obtaining slow-release pesticide formulations is proposed by co-extrusion of a herbicide metribuzin with a low-melting biodegradable polyester poly-?-caprolactone, at a temperature above the melting points of both components. Formulations containing 10%, 20%, and 40% herbicide are prepared. Metribuzin release in water during 7 days of exposition reached 81% from the formulations with the 10% loading and 96% from the specimens with the 40% herbicide loading. Biodegradation and pesticide release from the polymer constructs are studied in the model soil for 14 weeks. Degradation rates of the specimens increased with an increase in pesticide content: between 9% for the 10%-loaded specimen and 20% for the 40%-loaded specimen over 14 weeks. The release of metribuzin from the specimens with the 10–20% and 40% loadings reached 37–38% and 55%, respectively; thus, taking into account soil degradation of the herbicide, the herbicide content in soil reached 23–25% and 33%, respectively, of the initially loaded into the polymer matrix. The used approach is promising to obtain long-term release formulations for soil application. © 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH

Scopus
Держатели документа:
Institute of Biophysics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 50/50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russian Federation
Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny pr., Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russian Federation

Доп.точки доступа:
Boyandin, A. N.; Kazantseva, E. A.

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20.


   
    Constructing slow-release formulations of herbicide metribuzin using its co-extrusion with biodegradable polyester poly-ε-caprolactone / A. N. Boyandin, E. A. Kazantseva // J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B Pestic. Food Contamin. Agric. Wastes. - 2021, DOI 10.1080/03601234.2021.1911206 . - Article in press. - ISSN 0360-1234
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
extrusion -- herbicide -- long-term -- pesticide -- Polycaprolactone -- Biodegradable polymers -- Biodegradation -- Degradation -- Extrusion -- Melting -- Plastic coatings -- Polyesters -- Soils -- Weed control -- Biodegradable polyesters -- Degradation rate -- First-order models -- Long-term release -- Low cost methods -- Partial degradation -- Release kinetics -- Soil applications -- Herbicides
Аннотация: Different technologies to prepare long term pesticide forms include polymer coating, preparing composites and encapsulating pesticides in nanoparticles. A simple and low-cost method was proposed to obtain slow-release formulations by co-extrusion of a pesticide with a biodegradable polymer at a temperature above the melting points of both components. A herbicide metribuzin and low-melting polyester poly-?-caprolactone were chosen for this work. Formulations containing 10%, 20%, and 40% herbicide were prepared. During 7 days of their exposition in water, it was released from 81% to 96% of initially loaded metribuzin; the highest release was detected for 40%-loaded forms. Biodegradation of the constructs and pesticide release were further studied in the model soil. Degradation rates of the specimens increased with an increase in pesticide content, from 9% to 20% over 14 weeks for the 10%/20%-loaded and the 40%-loaded specimens, respectively. The release of metribuzin reached, respectively, 37–38% and 55%. The herbicide content in soil was lower due to its partial degradation in soil; it reached 23–25% and 33%, respectively, from initially loaded into the polymer matrix. Release kinetics of metribuzin in water as in soil best fitted the First-order model. The used approach is promising for obtaining long-term release formulations for soil applications. © 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Scopus
Держатели документа:
Institute of Biophysics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation

Доп.точки доступа:
Boyandin, A. N.; Kazantseva, E. A.

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