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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Pande, Shubhra, Ranjan, Rajeev, Ryazanova, Maria, Shuvaev, Anton N., Salmina, Alla B., Kratasyuk, Valentina A.
Заглавие : Buckwheat-enriched diet alleviates bisphenol A mediated oxidative stress via modulation of sirtuin 1 and antioxidant status in experimental rats
Колич.характеристики :8 с
Коллективы : Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation [FSRZ-2020-0006]; Russian Ministry of Education, Post-Doctoral Program of Project "5-100" [M 2.2.3]
Место публикации : Food Chem.: ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2022. - Vol. 373. - Ст.131507. - ISSN 0308-8146, DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131507. - ISSN 1873-7072(eISSN)
Примечания : Cited References:36. - The research was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Grant no. FSRZ-2020-0006) and Russian Ministry of Education, Post-Doctoral Program of Project "5-100" [Grant No. M 2.2.3]. Authors profusely thank R. Sabirzyanov and I.A. Denisov for the needful in the arrangement of ultrapure BPA.
Предметные рубрики: TRANSCRIPTION
TOXICITY
EXTRACT
FIBER
Аннотация: Present study investigated effect of dietary buckwheat in alleviating bisphenol A (BPA) mediated oxidative stress, concomitant sirtuin1 levels in serum, stomach, and liver of rats. Experimental group A and B ingested standard diet, C and D consumed buckwheat (30%); group A and C drank normal water, B and C had BPA contamination (10 mg L 1). Sirtuin1 mean B/A ratio nearing unity in all tissues reveals inertness of BPA towards sirtuin1. Dietary buckwheat improved sirtuin1 levels both in normal (mean C/A ratio of serum, 1.65; liver, 1.24; stomach, 1.78) and BPA fed state (mean D/B ratio of serum, 1.9; liver, 1.26; stomach, 1.75). Buckwheat augmented antioxidant status in BPA fed rats as seen in mean D/B ratio of serum (catalase, 2.4; glutathione reductase (GR), 1.33; Thiols, 1.2), liver (catalase, 2; GR, 2.5; Thiols, 1.36) and stomach (catalase, 1.31; GR, 1.5; Thiols, 1.33). Therefore, buckwheat counters BPA-led oxidative stress and modulates sirtuin1.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Kratasyuk V. A., Kolosova E. M., Sutormin O. S., Lonshakova-Mukina V. I., Baygin M. M., Rimatskaya N. V., Sukovataya I. E., Shpedt A. A.
Заглавие : Software for matching standard activity enzyme biosensors for soil pollution analysis
Место публикации : Sensors: MDPI AG, 2021. - Vol. 21, Is. 3. - Ст.1017. - С. 1-10. - ISSN 14248220 (ISSN), DOI 10.3390/s21031017
Аннотация: This work is dedicated to developing enzyme biosensor software to solve problems regarding soil pollution analysis. An algorithm and specialised software have been developed which stores, analyses and visualises data using JavaScript programming language. The developed software is based on matching data of 51 non-commercial standard soil samples and their inhibitory effects on three enzyme systems of varying complexity. This approach is able to identify the influence of chemical properties soil samples, without toxic agents, on enzyme biosensors. Such software may find wide use in environmental monitoring. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Kratasyuk, Valentina A., Kolosova, Elizaveta M., Sutormin, Oleg S., Lonshakova-Mukina, Viktoriya, I, Baygin, Matvey M., Rimatskaya, Nadezhda, V, Sukovataya, Irina E., Shpedt, Alexander A.
Заглавие : Software for Matching Standard Activity Enzyme Biosensors for Soil Pollution Analysis
Колич.характеристики :10 с
Коллективы : RFBRRussian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); Krasnoyarsk Territory and Krasnoyarsk Regional Fund of Science [20-44-243001]; Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation [FSRZ-2020-0006]
Место публикации : Sensors: MDPI, 2021. - Vol. 21, Is. 3. - Ст.1017. - ISSN 1424-8220(eISSN), DOI 10.3390/s21031017
Примечания : Cited References:20. - This research was funded by RFBR, Krasnoyarsk Territory and Krasnoyarsk Regional Fund of Science, Grant number 20-44-243001 and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Grant number FSRZ-2020-0006.
Аннотация: This work is dedicated to developing enzyme biosensor software to solve problems regarding soil pollution analysis. An algorithm and specialised software have been developed which stores, analyses and visualises data using JavaScript programming language. The developed software is based on matching data of 51 non-commercial standard soil samples and their inhibitory effects on three enzyme systems of varying complexity. This approach is able to identify the influence of chemical properties soil samples, without toxic agents, on enzyme biosensors. Such software may find wide use in environmental monitoring.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Bashmakova E. E., Krasitskaya V. V., Yushkova A. D., Dobrecov K. G., Frank L. A.
Заглавие : To the question of genetic predisposition to the development of professional sensorineural hearing loss
Место публикации : Vestn. Otorinolaringologii: Media Sphera Publishing Group, 2021. - Vol. 86, Is. 1. - С. 15-19. - ISSN 00424668 (ISSN), DOI 10.17116/otorino20218601115
Аннотация: Objective was to study single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in CAT, NCL, HSPA1L, PCDH15, and PON2 genes and their associations with hearing impairment among the people working among noise-exposed workers of the mashine-building plant (JSC «Krasmash», Krasnoyarsk, Eastern Siberia, Russia). Materials and methods. The 443 employees of Krasmash JSC, who have been working under conditions of increased noise for at least 1 year, were surveyed and examined. A hearing study was performed by speech and tonal audiometry. Tonal audiometry was carried out in accord with according to a standard method in the frequency range 125—8000 Hz. People with chronic hearing impairment, survivors of meningitis and family history of hearing impairment were excluded from the study. The allelic composition of the studied genes was determined in the remaining group of 288 workers (study group). Polymorphisms were detected using bioluminescent method, developed by the authors earlier. The study group comprised 122 people with hearing impairment (experimental group) and 166 people without impairment (control group). Results. The genotyping results of on allelic variants rs494024 (CAT), rs7598759 (NCL), rs2227956 (HSPA1L), rs7095441 (PCDH15) and rs7785846 (PON2) showed that their frequencies in the study group did not differ and were comparable with those for the European population. No statistically significant differences were revealed in the distribution of the genotypes of the studied mutations between the experimental and control groups. Also no statistically significant associations we found between hearing impairment and availability of two or several SNPs, or these SNPs and clinical characteristics of the disease (degree of hearing impairment, tinnitus). In the group of workers with an experience of 5 to 16 years, an association was found for hearing impairment and SNP rs494024, as well as when it is combined with rs7598759. Conclusions. The associations between SNP rs7598759, rs2227956, and rs7095441 and hearing impairment were not found. In the group of workers with 5—16 year experience, this association was found for SNP rs494024, as well as when it is combined with rs7598759. Discovered associations require further study. © 2021, Media Sphera Publishing Group. All rights reserved.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Pande, Shubhra, Ranjan, Rajeev, Shuvaev, Anton N., Malinovskaya, Natalia A., Ryazanova, Maria, Salmina, Alla B., Kolenchukova, Oksana A., Kratasyuk, Valentina A.
Заглавие : Dietary buckwheat enhances sirtuin1 without calorie restriction
Колич.характеристики :6 с
Коллективы : Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR)Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) [16-06-00-439]; Russian Ministry of EducationMinistry of Education and Science, Russian Federation [M 2.2.3]
Место публикации : J. Cereal Sci.: ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2020. - Vol. 94. - Ст.103004. - ISSN 0733-5210, DOI 10.1016/j.jcs.2020.103004. - ISSN 1095-9963(eISSN)
Примечания : Cited References:22. - This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) [Grant No. 16-06-00-439] and by the Russian Ministry of Education, Post-Doctoral Program of Project "5-100" [Grant No. M 2.2.3].
Предметные рубрики: LIFE-SPAN
STRESS
FLOUR
RATS
Аннотация: In the present investigation, the role of dietary intervention in male Wistar rats (n = 8, 3 groups) was studied to observe absolute sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) levels (expressed as ng mg(-1) total protein) in serum, stomach, liver, and kidney. Dietary buckwheat at 30% (w/w) level of incorporation in the standard diet (Buckwheat Enriched Diet, BED) improved SIRT1 with values 0.933 +/- 0.05, 210 +/- 7, 63.26 +/- 4, and 69.89 +/- 3 in serum, stomach, liver, and kidney respectively when compared to the respective control values of 0.536 +/- 0.03, 156 +/- 23.3, 31.07 +/- 2 and 47.11 +/- 4. Moreover, BED though isocaloric to CR diet, led to weight gain (g) by 63.11 +/- 3.8, ca. 10%, and 40% higher than control (56.27 +/- 5.6) and CR (45.05 +/- 4.1) diet groups. A marked rise in Feed Efficiency Ratio (FER) by ca. 37% while a 30% decrease in Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was observed for the BED group which supports unexpected weight gain in rats post-dietary intervention. The results justify the superior nutritional profile of buckwheat laden with essential nutrients, essential proteins, and bioactives. In contrast, Calorie Restriction (CR) resulted in a decline of the total protein content in circulation by 19%, while reduction of total protein in stomach, liver, and kidney was estimated to be 95%, 35.2%, and 27% respectively though SIRT1 values were comparatively the highest in all the samples studied. A 30-fold enhancement of SIRT1 in stomach post CR is presumed to counter enhanced stress in gastric tissues. Therefore, mild to moderate expression of SIRT1 may confer beneficial effects such as delayed aging and stress resistance but exceedingly high SIRT1 may evoke increased oxidative stress.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Pande S., Ranjan R., Shuvaev A. N., Malinovskaya N. A., Ryazanova M., Salmina A. B., Kolenchukova O. A., Kratasyuk V. A.
Заглавие : Dietary buckwheat enhances sirtuin1 without calorie restriction
Место публикации : J. Cereal Sci.: Academic Press, 2020. - Vol. 94. - Ст.103004. - ISSN 07335210 (ISSN), DOI 10.1016/j.jcs.2020.103004
Аннотация: In the present investigation, the role of dietary intervention in male Wistar rats (n = 8, 3 groups) was studied to observe absolute sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) levels (expressed as ng mg?1 total protein) in serum, stomach, liver, and kidney. Dietary buckwheat at 30% (w/w) level of incorporation in the standard diet (Buckwheat Enriched Diet, BED) improved SIRT1 with values 0.933 ± 0.05, 210 ± 7, 63.26 ± 4, and 69.89 ± 3 in serum, stomach, liver, and kidney respectively when compared to the respective control values of 0.536 ± 0.03, 156 ± 23.3, 31.07 ± 2 and 47.11 ± 4. Moreover, BED though isocaloric to CR diet, led to weight gain (g) by 63.11 ± 3.8, ca. 10%, and 40% higher than control (56.27 ± 5.6) and CR (45.05 ± 4.1) diet groups. A marked rise in Feed Efficiency Ratio (FER) by ca. 37% while a 30% decrease in Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was observed for the BED group which supports unexpected weight gain in rats post-dietary intervention. The results justify the superior nutritional profile of buckwheat laden with essential nutrients, essential proteins, and bioactives. In contrast, Calorie Restriction (CR) resulted in a decline of the total protein content in circulation by 19%, while reduction of total protein in stomach, liver, and kidney was estimated to be 95%, 35.2%, and 27% respectively though SIRT1 values were comparatively the highest in all the samples studied. A 30-fold enhancement of SIRT1 in stomach post CR is presumed to counter enhanced stress in gastric tissues. Therefore, mild to moderate expression of SIRT1 may confer beneficial effects such as delayed aging and stress resistance but exceedingly high SIRT1 may evoke increased oxidative stress. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Lopatina, Tatiana S., Aleksandrova, Yuliyana, V, Anishchenko, Olesya, V, Gribovskaya, Iliada, V, Oskina, Nataliya A., Zotina, Tatiana A., Zadereev, Egor S.
Заглавие : The effect of deicing salt solutes on Moina macrocopa and Allium cepa in a toxicity test experiment
Колич.характеристики :17 с
Коллективы : Russian Foundation for Basic ResearchRussian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); Government of Krasnoyarsk Krai; Krasnoyarsk Krai Fund for Supporting Scientific and Scientific-Technical Activities [19-44-240014]
Место публикации : Vestn. Tomsk. Gos. Univ. Biol.: TOMSKIJ GOSUDARSTVENNYI UNIV, 2020. - Is. 51. - С. 162-178. - ISSN 1998-8591, DOI 10.17223/19988591/51/9. - ISSN 2311-2077(eISSN)
Примечания : Cited References:29. - This work was supported by the joint grant from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Government of Krasnoyarsk Krai, and the Krasnoyarsk Krai Fund for Supporting Scientific and Scientific-Technical Activities (Grant No 19-44-240014).
Предметные рубрики: DAPHNIA-MAGNA
NACL SALINITY
ROAD SALTS
WATER
FRESH
CHLORIDE
Аннотация: Chloride salts are the most commonly used deicing materials for winter maintenance of roads. Numerous studies indicate a significant increase in the salinity of aquatic ecosystems associated with the long-term use of deicing materials in countries located in cold climates. The functioning of ecosystems largely depends on salinity, since salinity is one of the key factors determining the species composition, the structure of food webs and the productivity of aquatic communities. Given the growing threat of salinization of groundwater and surface waters, it is extremely important to study the effect of deicing materials on the biota and functioning of aquatic ecosystems. The aim of this research is to determine the threshold concentrations of solutions of the deicing salt mixture "Bionord" containing sodium and calcium chlorides, at which negative effects on the development of animal and plant test objects are observed. In this study, we used the salt-containing mixture "Bionord" as a model deicer. Similarly, with the most commonly used ice melting chemicals, the "Bionord" salt mixture contains a large amount of sodium and calcium chlorides (about 85% of the total weight). To evaluate the toxicity of the deicer solutions, we used acute and chronic toxicity tests with cladoceran Moina macrocopa (Straus, 1820) (Cladocera: Moinidae) and standard onion-based test with Allium cepa L. (Liliopsida: Amaryllidaceae) (Allium-test). In acute and chronic toxicity tests with Cladocera, the females on the first day of their life (body size 0.5-0.6 mm) were placed individually in jars with aged (not less than for 72 h) tap water with a volume of 20 ml with the addition of a deicer at a certain concentration. A group of animals that was placed in the medium without the deicer was used as a control. In the acute toxicity tests, we used the following concentration of the deicer: 1.3; 2.5; 4.0, 5.0; 6.0; 8.0; 10.0 g/l. The mortality of animals was recorded 24 and 48 hours after the start of the experiment. The concentration of the deicer (LC50) at which 50% of animals was observed to die, compared to the control, was determined in the acute toxicity test. In a chronic toxicity test, animals were tested in the following range of concentrations of the deicer: 0.3; 0.6; 1.3; 2.5; 5.0; 6.0 and 8.0 g/l. The chronic toxicity test was conducted until the death of all test animals. Based on the data obtained in the chronic toxicity test, the specific growth rate of juvenile females, average fecundity, and average life span of M. macrocopa were calculated for each concentration of the deicer. Bulbs of onions of the Stuttgartenrisen variety with a diameter of 1.8 +/- 0.1 cm and a weight of 2.27 +/- 0.17 g were used in the onion test. Bulbs with their bottoms were placed in test tubes containing 20 ml of a solute of the deicer or tap water for 48 hours. Three bulbs were tested for each concentration and for the control. The following concentrations of the deicer were used in the onion test: 1.0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.0; 10.0; 15.0; 20.0; 50.0 g/l. The general toxic and cytotoxic effects were evaluated in the onion test. The average root length and the total root length on each bulb were used as indicators of the total toxicity of the solutions of deicer. To evaluate proliferative activity, we calculated the mitotic index as the fraction of dividing cells in the apical root meristem to the total number of cells. Based on the results of the experiments, we determined median effective mixture concentrations (EC50) at which there is a 50% decrease, compared to the control, in the values of root growth indicators: average root length, sum of root lengths on each bulb and mitotic index. Median lethal concentration (LC50) of the deicing salt determined in the 48-hour acute toxicity test with females of Al. macrocopa was equal to 5.1 g/l. In the chronic test, we showed that the exposure to the solutions of the deicing salt in the range of concentrations from 0.3 to 5.0 g/l does not affect the life span, specific growth rate of juveniles and fecundity of females of M. macrocopa. The median effective concentration (EC50) of the deicing salt determined in the Allium-tests were 6.3, 5.2 and 10.4 g/l for the sum of root lengths, average root length on each bulb and proliferative activity at the tips of roots (mitotic index), respectively (See Table 1 and 2). Complete inhibition of onion root growth was observed at the concentration of the decider equal to 20 g/l, while the death of all test animals in the acute toxicity test occurred at the concentration of the deicer equal to 8,0 g/l (See Fig. 1). Thus, we demonstrated that similar concentrations of the deicer induced 50% inhibition of the growth of onion roots and 50% mortality of cladocerans. These values, in general, corresponded to a critical salinity of 5-8 %o above which qualitative changes occur both in the external and internal condition of aquatic animals. The electrical conductivity of the deicer solutions, which had a negative effect on the selected test species, coincides with the previously obtained values of the electrical conductivity of sodium chloride solutions harmful to cladocerans. We can assume that the main mechanism of the effect of the deicing material that we study is associated with the biological effect of its chlorine and sodium salts Taking this into account, the value of electrical conductivity measured for solutions of deicing salt can be used to assess its negative potential effects. We estimated that in the absence of timely cleaning, regulated by the rules for using the material, the runoff from each square meter of the treated surface can lead to the pollution of 8-13 liters of fresh water. Thus, the basic requirement for the use of deicing salts on roads is the need to comply with the cleaning regime of the treated surfaces. Otherwise, the gradual accumulation of sodium and calcium chlorides in water bodies can cause an increase in salinity which will affect the survival of freshwater aquatic organisms and lead to serious disturbances in the functioning of aquatic ecosystems.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Lopatina T. S., Aleksandrova Y. V., Anishchenko O. V., Gribovskaya I. V., Oskina N. A., Zotina T. A., Zadereev E. S.
Заглавие : The effect of deicing salt solutes on Moina macrocopa and Allium cepa in a toxicity test experiment
Место публикации : Vestn. Tomsk. Gos. Univ. Biol.: Tomsk State University, 2020. - Is. 51. - С. 162-178. - ISSN 19988591 (ISSN), DOI 10.17223/19988591/51/9
Аннотация: Chloride salts are the most commonly used deicing materials for winter maintenance of roads. Numerous studies indicate a significant increase in the salinity of aquatic ecosystems associated with the long-term use of deicing materials in countries located in cold climates. The functioning of ecosystems largely depends on salinity, since salinity is one of the key factors determining the species composition, the structure of food webs and the productivity of aquatic communities. Given the growing threat of salinization of groundwater and surface waters, it is extremely important to study the effect of deicing materials on the biota and functioning of aquatic ecosystems. The aim of this research is to determine the threshold concentrations of solutions of the deicing salt mixture “Bionord” containing sodium and calcium chlorides, at which negative effects on the development of animal and plant test objects are observed. In this study, we used the salt-containing mixture “Bionord” as a model deicer. Similarly, with the most commonly used ice melting chemicals, the «Bionord» salt mixture contains a large amount of sodium and calcium chlorides (about 85% of the total weight). To evaluate the toxicity of the deicer solutions, we used acute and chronic toxicity tests with cladoceran Moina macrocopa (Straus, 1820) (Cladocera: Moinidae) and standard onion-based test with Allium cepa L. (Liliopsida: Amaryllidaceae) (Allium-test). In acute and chronic toxicity tests with Cladocera, the females on the first day of their life (body size 0.5-0.6 mm) were placed individually in jars with aged (not less than for 72 h) tap water with a volume of 20 ml with the addition of a deicer at a certain concentration. A group of animals that was placed in the medium without the deicer was used as a control. In the acute toxicity tests, we used the following concentration of the deicer: 1.3; 2.5; 4.0, 5.0; 6.0; 8.0; 10.0 g/l. The mortality of animals was recorded 24 and 48 hours after the start of the experiment. The concentration of the deicer (LC50) at which 50% of animals was observed to die, compared to the control, was determined in the acute toxicity test. In a chronic toxicity test, animals were tested in the following range of concentrations of the deicer: 0.3; 0.6; 1.3; 2.5; 5.0; 6.0 and 8.0 g/l. The chronic toxicity test was conducted until the death of all test animals. Based on the data obtained in the chronic toxicity test, the specific growth rate of juvenile females, average fecundity, and average life span of M. macrocopa were calculated for each concentration of the deicer. Bulbs of onions of the Stuttgartenrisen variety with a diameter of 1.8 ± 0.1 cm and a weight of 2.27 ± 0.17 g were used in the onion test. Bulbs with their bottoms were placed in test tubes containing 20 ml of a solute of the deicer or tap water for 48 hours. Three bulbs were tested for each concentration and for the control. The following concentrations of the deicer were used in the onion test: 1.0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.0; 10.0; 15.0; 20.0; 50.0 g/l. The general toxic and cytotoxic effects were evaluated in the onion test. The average root length and the total root length on each bulb were used as indicators of the total toxicity of the solutions of deicer. To evaluate proliferative activity, we calculated the mitotic index as the fraction of dividing cells in the apical root meristem to the total number of cells. Based on the results of the experiments, we determined median effective mixture concentrations (EC50) at which there is a 50% decrease, compared to the control, in the values of root growth indicators: average root length, sum of root lengths on each bulb and mitotic index. Median lethal concentration (LC50) of the deicing salt determined in the 48-hour acute toxicity test with females of M. macrocopa was equal to 5.1 g/l. In the chronic test, we showed that the exposure to the solutions of the deicing salt in the range of concentrations from 0.3 to 5.0 g/l does not affect the life span, specific growth rate of juveniles and fecundity of females of M. macrocopa. The median effective concentration (EC50) of the deicing salt determined in the Allium-tests were 6.3, 5.2 and 10.4 g/l for the sum of root lengths, average root length on each bulb and proliferative activity at the tips of roots (mitotic index), respectively (See Table 1 and 2). Complete inhibition of onion root growth was observed at the concentration of the decider equal to 20 g/l, while the death of all test animals in the acute toxicity test occurred at the concentration of the deicer equal to 8,0 g/l (See Fig. 1). Thus, we demonstrated that similar concentrations of the deicer induced 50% inhibition of the growth of onion roots and 50% mortality of cladocerans. These values, in general, corresponded to a critical salinity of 5-8 % above which qualitative changes occur both in the external and internal condition of aquatic animals. The electrical conductivity of the deicer solutions, which had a negative effect on the selected test species, coincides with the previously obtained values of the electrical conductivity of sodium chloride solutions harmful to cladocerans. We can assume that the main mechanism of the effect of the deicing material that we study is associated with the biological effect of its chlorine and sodium salts. Taking this into account, the value of electrical conductivity measured for solutions of deicing salt can be used to assess its negative potential effects. We estimated that in the absence of timely cleaning, regulated by the rules for using the material, the runoff from each square meter of the treated surface can lead to the pollution of 8-13 liters of fresh water. Thus, the basic requirement for the use of deicing salts on roads is the need to comply with the cleaning regime of the treated surfaces. Otherwise, the gradual accumulation of sodium and calcium chlorides in water bodies can cause an increase in salinity which will affect the survival of freshwater aquatic organisms and lead to serious disturbances in the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. © 2020 Tomsk State University. All rights reserved.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Menzyanova N. G., Pyatina S. А., Nikolaeva E. D., Shabanov A. V., Nemtsev I. V., Stolyarov D. P., Dryganov D. B., Sakhnov E. V., Shishatskaya E. I.
Заглавие : Screening of biopolymeric materials for cardiovascular surgery toxicity—Evaluation of their surface relief with assessment of morphological aspects of monocyte/macrophage polarization in atherosclerosis patients
Место публикации : Toxicol. Rep.: Elsevier Inc., 2019. - Vol. 6. - С. 74-90. - ISSN 22147500 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.11.009
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): atherosclerosis--cell morphology--intravascular stenting--macrophages--monocytes--polyhydroxyalkanoates
Аннотация: The morphotypes of human macrophages (MPh) were studied in the culture on nano-structured biopolymer substrates, made from polyhydroxyalcanoates (PHAs) of five various monomer compositions, followed by the solvent evaporation. Its surface relief, which was further in direct contact with human cells in vitro, was analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was shown, that the features of the micro/nano relief depend on the monomeric composition of the polymer substrates. Monocytes (MN) of patients with atherosclerosis and cardiac ischemia, undergoing stenting and conventional anti-atherosclerotic therapy, were harvested prior and after stenting. MN were isolated and cultured, with the transformation into MPh in direct contact with biopolymer culture substrates with different monomer composition and nano-reliefs, and transformed into MPh, in comparison with the same process on standard culture plastic. Sub-populations of cells with characteristic morphology in each phenotypic class were described, and their quantitative ratios for each sample of polymers were counted as an intermediate result in the development of “smart” material for cardiovascular devices. The results obtained allow us to assume, that the processes of MPh differentiation and polarization in vitro depend not only on the features of the micro/nano relief of biopolymer substrates, but also on the initial state of MN in vivo and general response of patients. © 2018 The Authors
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10.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Kovalev V. S., Manukovsky N. S., Tikhomirov A. A.
Заглавие : Computing-feasibility study of NASA nutrition requirements as applied to a bioregenerative life support system
Место публикации : Acta Astronaut: Elsevier Ltd, 2019. - Vol. 159. - С. 371-376. - ISSN 00945765 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.04.001
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): constraint--food--modeling--nutrient--objective function--amino acids--animals--food products--models--nasa--nutrients--nutrition--proteins--saturated fatty acids--uncertainty analysis--vitamins--bioregenerative life support systems--constraint--essential amino acids--independent variables--interpretation of models--long duration missions--lower and upper bounds--objective functions--life support systems (spacecraft)
Аннотация: In view of previous studies, a list of 46 foods designated for use in bioregenerative life support system was composed. With the help of a computer program, daily sets of foods of plant and animal origin were compiled from the list of foods. The objective function of modeling was intended to minimize the discrepancy between the calculated values of nutrients in daily food sets and NASA nutrition requirements for long-duration missions. The independent variables in the model were the masses of foods restricted by the lower and upper bounds. It was established that a food set is able to comprise 10-46 foods with violation of the NASA nutrition requirements for iron, vitamin B5 and vitamin D daily intakes. Inclusion of 9 foods in a set resulted in a further violation of the NASA standards concerning saturated fat. As the number of foods in a set has increased from 10 to 22, the objective function decreased from 1.0736 to 1.0332, followed by a gradual increase to 1.1233, when the maximum number of foods was selected from the list of foods. The source of uncertainty in the interpretation of modeling results are the standard NASA intakes of magnesium, potassium, zinc, manganese, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin E, vitamin K and n-6 fatty acids, given as exact values. Varying the nutrient content of food sets did not significantly affect the value of the objective function. However, some solutions were infeasible, due to the violation of the NASA standard concerning saturated fat. Also, there were food sets in which the scores of sulfur-containing amino acids and threonine were below 100. In order to reliably maintain the scores of essential amino acids above 100 in a food set, it is necessary to maintain a mass ratio of “animal protein/total protein” equal to 2/3 in accordance with the requirement of NASA. © 2019 IAA
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11.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Gamzin M. A., Bazarin K. P., Savchenko A. A., Kakukhin A. D.
Заглавие : Changes in athletes’ psycho-emotional stress in the course of annual macrocycle
Место публикации : J. Siberian Fed. Univ. Humanit. Social Sci.: Siberian Federal University, 2019. - Vol. 12, Is. 6. - С. 988-995. - ISSN 19971370 (ISSN) , DOI 10.17516/1997–1370–0436
Аннотация: Emotions significantly influence physiological processes in the athlete’s body. The level of his/ her mental stress during training, competitions and recreation is obviously not the same. Taking into account the athletes’ well-known predisposition to alexithymia, there is a need to search for objective ways of the level of psycho-emotional stress assessment. Using the calculated Stress Index (SI), based on electroencephalogram indicators and level of situational anxiety as per the standard Spielberger-Hanin test, our work assesses and compares the differences in the athletes’ psycho-emotional state in various phases of the annual macrocycle. The study involved 155 athletes doing various sports. 96 athletes were males, their average age being 24.34 ± 3.54 years; 59 athletes were females with the average age of 23.12 ± 2.3 years. The control group consisted of 101 individuals who did not experience systematic high physical exertion, 53 of them being males with the average age of 23.17 ± 2.54, 48 — females with the average age of 22.12 ± 3.01 years. The athletes’ SI values are significantly different from those in the control group, as well as among themselves at various stages of the annual macrocycle. In the preparatory and transitional periods, the SI is significantly lower than in the control group. However, during the competitive period this index increases considerably. This is characteristic of a significant increase in the athletes’ psycho-emotional stress. There is a high positive correlation (r = 0.81) between the SI value and the number of points scored in the Spielberger-Hanin situational anxiety test. © Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved.
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12.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Gladyshev, Michail I., Sushchik, Nadezhda N., Tolomeev, Alexander P., Dgebuadze, Yury Yu
Заглавие : Meta-analysis of factors associated with omega-3 fatty acid contents of wild fish
Колич.характеристики :23 с
Коллективы : Russian Science Foundation [16-14-10001]
Место публикации : Rev. Fish. Biol. Fish.: SPRINGER, 2018. - Vol. 28, Is. 2. - С. 277-299. - ISSN 0960-3166, DOI 10.1007/s11160-017-9511-0. - ISSN 1573-5184(eISSN)
Примечания : Cited References:138. - The work was supported by a Russian Science Foundation Grant (No. 16-14-10001).
Предметные рубрики: FATTY-ACID-COMPOSITION
DIETARY DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID
LONG-CHAIN
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): docosahexaenoic acid--ecomorphological factors--eicosapentaenoic acid--nutritive value--phylogenetic factors
Аннотация: Fish are recognized as the main source of physiologically important omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, namely, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), for human nutrition. However, muscle tissue contents of these fatty acids in diverse fish species, i.e., their nutritive value for humans, varied within two orders of magnitude. We reviewed contents of EPA and DHA, measured by similar methods using an internal standard during chromatography as mg per g of wet mass in 172 fish species belonging to 16 orders, to evaluate probable variations in phylogenetic and ecological drivers. EPA + DHA content varied from 25.6 mg g(-1) of wet mass (Sardinops sagax) to 0.12 mg g(-1) (Gymnura spp.). Multidimensional redundancy analysis revealed that among phylogenetic, ecomorphological and abiotic environmental factors, the highest proportion of variation contribution belonged to the shared contribution of sets of phylogenetic and ecomorphological factors. Specifically, the highest values of EPA + DHA content were characteristic of fish belonging to the orders Clupeiformes or Salmoniformes, were pelagic fast swimmers, ate zooplankton and inhabited marine waters or migrated from fresh to marine waters (anadromous migrations). High EPA and DHA content in muscle tissues of the above species appeared to be a metabolic adaptation for fast continuous swimming. In contrast to common beliefs, our meta-analysis did not support the significant influence of higher trophic levels (piscivory) and cold environments (homeoviscous adaptation) on EPA and DHA content in fish. However, many causes of high and low levels of physiologically important fatty acids in certain fish species remained unexplained and require evaluation in future studies.
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13.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Soukhovolsky V., Ivanova Y.
Заглавие : Modeling production processes in forest stands: An adaptation of the Solow growth model
Место публикации : Forests: MDPI AG, 2018. - Vol. 9, Is. 7. - ISSN 19994907 (ISSN) , DOI 10.3390/f9070391
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): components of phytomass--forest stands--modeling of growth processes--net primary production (npp)--economics--needles--energy productions--forest stand--growth process--independent model--model of economics--net primary production--phytomass--production process--forestry--hexapoda
Аннотация: The model of forest stand growth proposed in this study is based on R. Solow's model of economic growth. The variables introduced into the model are the "capital" (the phytomass of the non-synthesizing tree components in the stand-the stem, roots, and branches) and the "labor" (the phytomass of the photosynthesizing tree components in the stand-leaves or needles). Root phytomass is calculated with a special independent model. The process of energy production by the trees is described with the Cobb-Douglas equation. The proposed approach is used to describe growth processes in the forest stands comprising various species in Siberia and the age dynamics of net primary production. The model can explain a number of effects (such as death of the forest stand after the needles have been consumed by defoliating insects) that cannot be explained by standard logistic models. © 2018 by the authors.
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14.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Kotlobay A. A., Sarkisyan K. S., Mokrushina Y. A., Marcet-Houben M., Serebrovskaya E. O., Markina N. M., Somermeyer L. G., Gorokhovatsky A. Y., Vvedensky A., Purtov K. V., Petushkov V. N., Rodionova N. S., Chepurnyh T. V., Fakhranurova L. I., Guglya E. B., Ziganshin R., Tsarkova A. S., Kaskova Z. M., Shender V., Abakumov M., Abakumova T. O., Povolotskaya I. S., Eroshkin F. M., Zaraisky A. G., Mishin A. S., Dolgov S. V., Mitiouchkina T. Y., Kopantzev E. P., Waldenmaier H. E., Oliveira A. G., Oba Y., Barsova E., Bogdanova E. A., Gabaldon T., Stevani C. V., Lukyanov S., Smirnov I. V., Gitelson J. I., Kondrashov F. A., Yampolsky I. V.
Заглавие : Genetically encodable bioluminescent system from fungi
Место публикации : Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.: National Academy of Sciences, 2018. - Vol. 115, Is. 50. - С. 12728-12732. - ISSN 00278424 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1073/pnas.1803615115
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): bioluminescence--fungal luciferase--fungal luciferin biosynthesis
Аннотация: Bioluminescence is found across the entire tree of life, conferring a spectacular set of visually oriented functions from attracting mates to scaring off predators. Half a dozen different luciferins, molecules that emit light when enzymatically oxidized, are known. However, just one biochemical pathway for luciferin biosynthesis has been described in full, which is found only in bacteria. Here, we report identification of the fungal luciferase and three other key enzymes that together form the biosynthetic cycle of the fungal luciferin from caffeic acid, a simple and widespread metabolite. Introduction of the identified genes into the genome of the yeast Pichia pastoris along with caffeic acid biosynthesis genes resulted in a strain that is autoluminescent in standard media. We analyzed evolution of the enzymes of the luciferin biosynthesis cycle and found that fungal bioluminescence emerged through a series of events that included two independent gene duplications. The retention of the duplicated enzymes of the luciferin pathway in nonluminescent fungi shows that the gene duplication was followed by functional sequence divergence of enzymes of at least one gene in the biosynthetic pathway and suggests that the evolution of fungal bioluminescence proceeded through several closely related stepping stone nonluminescent biochemical reactions with adaptive roles. The availability of a complete eukaryotic luciferin biosynthesis pathway provides several applications in biomedicine and bioengineering. © 2018 National Academy of Sciences. All Rights Reserved.
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15.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Tikhomirov A. A., Trifonov S. V., Morozov E. A., Kudenko, Yu. A., Kalacheva G. S., Ushakova S. A.
Заглавие : Development of human exometabolite deep mineralization method for closed ecosystems
Колич.характеристики :3 с
Коллективы : Russian Science Foundation [14-14-00599]
Место публикации : Dokl. Biochem. Biophys.: MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER, 2016. - Vol. 470, Is. 1. - С. 316-318. - ISSN 1607-6729, DOI 10.1134/S1607672916050021. - ISSN 1608-3091(eISSN)
Примечания : Cited References:9. - The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 14-14-00599).
Аннотация: Methods of physicochemical further oxidation of hardly soluble sediment obtained from "wet combustion" of human exometabolites applied to space-purpose Bio Technological Life Support Systems (BTLLS) were studied. Most hardly dissoluble sediment containing Ca, P, Mg, and other essential plant nutrition elements were shown to dissolve in H2O2 and HNO3 aqueous media activated by alternating electric current. Dissolved additional mineral elements allowed (as demonstrated for lettuce) to increase the productivity of BTLLS phototrophic unit plants more than twice, which is comparable to their productivity on standard Knop solution with balanced chemical composition. Thus, dissolved mineral elements can be involved into BTLLS turnover process and increase its closure degree.
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16.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Gulnov, Dmitry V., Nemtseva, Elena V., Kratasyuk, Valentina A.
Заглавие : Contrasting relationship between macro- and microviscosity of the gelatin- and starch-based suspensions and gels
Колич.характеристики :15 с
Коллективы : Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation [11.G34.31.0058, 1762]; Russian Academy of Sciences [01201351504]
Место публикации : Polym. Bull.: SPRINGER, 2016. - Vol. 73, Is. 12. - С. 3421-3435. - ISSN 0170-0839, DOI 10.1007/s00289-016-1664-9. - ISSN 1436-2449(eISSN)
Примечания : Cited References:42. - Authors thank Alexander Kheruvimov (REC "Composite Materials and Structures", SUSU, Chelyabinsk, Russia) for assistance in rheological experiments. The research was partially supported by the grants No. 11.G34.31.0058 and 1762 from The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and by the state budget allocated to the fundamental research at the Russian Academy of Sciences (Project No. 01201351504).
Предметные рубрики: FLUORESCENT MOLECULAR ROTORS
INTRACELLULAR VISCOSITY
DRUG-DELIVERY
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): biopolymer--gelatin--starch--physical gel--microviscosity--molecular--rotor
Аннотация: The problem of correlation between rheological properties in macro- and micro- scales of media with biopolymers of polypeptide (gelatin) and polysaccharide (starch) nature is investigated. The viscosity of the biopolymer solutions with concentrations 0.5-5 wt% was estimated by standard rotational rheometry technique and with fluorescent molecular rotor at 15-50 A degrees C. Opposite trends were observed for relationship between microviscosity eta (m) and macroviscosity eta for two biopolymers: eta (m) eta for gelatin and eta (m) eta for starch solutions. The temperature dependence of eta (m) followed the monoexponential decay law in all samples over the whole temperature range indicating insensitivity of microviscosity to gel mesh melting under heating. The dissimilarity of macro- and micro-rheological properties of gelatin and starch-containing media is discussed in terms of difference in architecture of the gels.
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17.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Shklavtsova E.S., Ushakova S.A., Shikhov V.N., Anishchenko O.V.
Заглавие : Effects of mineral nutrition conditions on heat tolerance of chufa (Cyperus esculentus L.) plant communities to super optimal air temperatures in the BTLSS
Колич.характеристики :11 с
Коллективы : program of fundamental research for the Russian academies of sciences [56.1.4]
Место публикации : Adv. Space Res.: ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2014. - Vol. 54, Is. 6. - С. 1135-1145. - ISSN 0273-1177, DOI 10.1016/j.asr.2014.05.031. - ISSN 1879-1948
Примечания : Cited References: 26. - The study was performed within the framework of the program of fundamental research for the Russian academies of sciences for 2013-2020, subject No. 56.1.4.
Предметные рубрики: LIFE-SUPPORT-SYSTEMS
CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE
STRESS
WASTE
WHEAT
LSS
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): bioregenerative life support system--cyperus esculentus l.--heat shock--mineralized human wastes--chlorophyll fluorescence--lipid peroxidation
Аннотация: The use of mineralized human wastes as a basis for nutrient solutions will increase the degree of material closure of bio-technical human life support systems. As stress tolerance of plants is determined, among other factors, by the conditions under which they have been grown before exposure to a stressor, the purpose of the study is to investigate the level of tolerance of chufa (Cyperus esculentus L.) plant communities grown in solutions based on mineralized human wastes to a damaging air temperature, 45 degrees C. Experiments were performed with 30-day-old chufa plant communities grown hydroponically, on expanded clay aggregate, under artificial light, at 690 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) PAR and at a temperature of 25 degrees C. Plants were grown in Knop's solution and solutions based on human wastes mineralized according to Yu.A. Kudenko's method, which contained nitrogen either as ammonium and urea or as nitrates. The heat shock treatment lasted 20 h at 690 and 1150 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) PAR. Chufa heat tolerance was evaluated based on parameters of CO2 gas exchange, the state of its photosynthetic apparatus (PSA), and intensity of peroxidation of leaf lipids. Chufa plants grown in the solutions based on mineralized human wastes that contained ammonium and urea had lower heat tolerance than plants grown in standard mineral solutions. Heat tolerance of the plants grown in the solutions based on mineralized human wastes that mainly contained nitrate nitrogen was insignificantly different from the heat tolerance of the plants grown in standard mineral solutions. A PAR intensity increase from 690 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) to 1150 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) enhanced heat tolerance of chufa plant communities, irrespective of the conditions of mineral nutrition under which they had been grown. (C) 2014 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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18.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Shklavtsova E.S., Ushakova S.A., Shikhov V.N., Anishchenko O.V.
Заглавие : Effects of mineral nutrition conditions on heat tolerance of chufa (Cyperus esculentus L.) plant communities to super optimal air temperatures in the BTLSS
Место публикации : Adv. Space Res. - 2014. - Vol. 54, Is. 6. - С. 1135-1145. - ISSN 18791948 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/j.asr.2014.05.031
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): bioregenerative life support system--chlorophyll fluorescence--cyperus esculentus l.--heat shock--lipid peroxidation--mineralized human wastes--atmospheric temperature--carbon dioxide--lipids--metabolism--minerals--nitrates--nitrogen--nutrition--plants (botany)--urea--wastes--bioregenerative life support systems--chlorophyll fluorescence--cyperus esculentus--heat-shock--human waste--lipid peroxidation--plant shutdowns
Аннотация: The use of mineralized human wastes as a basis for nutrient solutions will increase the degree of material closure of bio-technical human life support systems. As stress tolerance of plants is determined, among other factors, by the conditions under which they have been grown before exposure to a stressor, the purpose of the study is to investigate the level of tolerance of chufa (Cyperus esculentus L.) plant communities grown in solutions based on mineralized human wastes to a damaging air temperature, 45 °C. Experiments were performed with 30-day-old chufa plant communities grown hydroponically, on expanded clay aggregate, under artificial light, at 690 ?mol m-2 s-1 PAR and at a temperature of 25 °C. Plants were grown in Knop's solution and solutions based on human wastes mineralized according to Yu.A. Kudenko's method, which contained nitrogen either as ammonium and urea or as nitrates. The heat shock treatment lasted 20 h at 690 and 1150 ?mol m -2 s-1 PAR. Chufa heat tolerance was evaluated based on parameters of CO2 gas exchange, the state of its photosynthetic apparatus (PSA), and intensity of peroxidation of leaf lipids. Chufa plants grown in the solutions based on mineralized human wastes that contained ammonium and urea had lower heat tolerance than plants grown in standard mineral solutions. Heat tolerance of the plants grown in the solutions based on mineralized human wastes that mainly contained nitrate nitrogen was insignificantly different from the heat tolerance of the plants grown in standard mineral solutions. A PAR intensity increase from 690 ?mol m -2 s-1 to 1150 ?mol m-2 s-1 enhanced heat tolerance of chufa plant communities, irrespective of the conditions of mineral nutrition under which they had been grown. © 2014 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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19.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Kudryavtsev A.N., Krasitskaya V.V., Petunin A.I., Burakov A.Y., Frank L.A.
Заглавие : Simultaneous Bioluminescent Immunoassay of Serum Total and IgG-Bound Prolactins
Колич.характеристики :6 с
Место публикации : Anal. Chem.: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, 2012. - Vol. 84, Is. 7. - С. 3119-3124. - ISSN 0003-2700, DOI 10.1021/ac300444w
Примечания : Cited References: 10. - This work was supported in part by Grant No. 76 of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch and by the Program of the Government of Russian Federation "Measures to attract leading scientists to Russian educational institutions" (Grant No 11. G34.31.058).
Предметные рубрики: PHOTOPROTEIN OBELIN
POLYETHYLENE-GLYCOL
MACROPROLACTINEMIA
PRECIPITATION
VALIDATION
Аннотация: Novel dual-analyte single-well bioluminescence immunoassay (BLIA) for total and IgG-bound prolactins was developed on the base of Ca2+-regulated photoprotein obelin mutants with altered color and kinetics of bioluminescence signal as reporters. The mutants W92F-H22E and Y138F were chemically conjugated with monoclonal mouse anti-hPRL and anti-hIgG immunoglobulins and thus displayed signals from total prolactin and IgG-bounded prolactin (macroprolactin) correspondingly. Bioluminescence of the reporters was simultaneously triggered by a single injection of Ca2+ solution and discriminated via bioluminescent signal spectral and time resolution. The developed microplate-based immunoassay allows detection of two prolactin forms in crude serum without additional manipulations (e.g., gel chromatography or PEG-precipitation). Total prolactin bioluminescence immunoassay in standard, control, and clinical sera offers high sensitivity and reproducibility. The BLIA results show good correlation with those obtained by RIA and immunoassay after gel chromatography.
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20.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Nesterenko T.V., Tikhomirov A.A., Shikhov V.N.
Заглавие : Influence of excitation light intensity and leaf age on the slow chlorophyll fluorescence transient in radish
Место публикации : Biophysics (Russian Federation). - 2012. - Vol. 57, Is. 4. - С. 464-468. - ISSN 00063509 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1134/S0006350912040136
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): leaf ontogeny--light dependence--slow fluorescence induction--temporal indices--raphanus sativus
Аннотация: The temporal characteristics of the slow phase of chlorophyll fluorescence induction-T0. 5 (half-decay time) and tmin (an integral-based index of the variable emission rate)-as well as the popular amplitude index FP/FS were determined at different excitation light intensities (Iex [400-500 nm] of 20-80 W/m2) in dark-adapted leaves of different age (3-24 days) taken from radish plants grown under continuous light of 100 W/m2 PAR. All the profiles thus obtained were mutually consistent, and the age-related variations were minimized at Iex > 40 W/m2; at that the age-averaged temporal indices proved to be more light-responsive than the standard amplitude ratio. В© 2012 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.
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