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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Bondareva L.G., Kalyakina O.P., Bolsunovskii A.Ya.
Заглавие : Effect of humic acid on absorption-release processes in the bottom sediments-Yenisei river water system as studied by dual-column ion chromatography and ?-ray spectrometry
Место публикации : Journal of Analytical Chemistry. - 2006. - Vol. 61, Is. 4. - С. 354-358. - ISSN 10619348 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1134/S1061934806040101
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): absorption--chromatographic analysis--complexation--gamma ray spectrometers--radioisotopes--?-ray spectrometry--absorption-release processes--dual-column ion chromatography--humic acid--organic acids
Аннотация: The effect of humic acid on absorption-release processes in the bottom sediments-Yenisei river water system was studied by dual-column ion chromatography and ?-ray spectrometry. With the use of ion chromatography, it was found that processes related to the absorption of SO 42- and Cl- anions by a solid phase with the release of NO 3- , PO 43- , and F- to a liquid phase competed in the test systems as the concentration of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) was increased. Only the test anions were released in the systems without the introduction of an additional amount of WSOC as humic acid. With the use of ?-ray spectrometry, it was found that the release of 60Co, 152Eu, and 241Am radionuclides to the liquid phase in the systems with added humic acid began much earlier than in the system without the addition of humic acid. In this case, the amount of released radionuclides was greater than the amount of radioisotopes released in the system without the addition of humic acid: ?25% 241Am, ?3% 152Eu, and ?0.8% 60Co in the system with added humic acid or 0.8% 152Eu and <0.1% 60Co in the system without the addition of humic acid. The 241Am radionuclide was not determined in the system without the addition of humic acid. An increase in the concentration of WSOC in the experimental system of bottom sediments-Yenisei river water initiated the release of 60Co, 152Eu, and 241Am anthropogenic radionuclides from bottom sediments because of the formation of soluble complexes capable of migration. An increase in the concentration of WSOC had almost no effect on the release of 40K and 137Cs radionuclides. В© Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2006.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Varotsos C.A., Franzke C.L.E., Efstathiou M.N., Degermendzhi A.G.
Заглавие : Evidence for two abrupt warming events of SST in the last century
Место публикации : Theoretical and Applied Climatology. - 2013. - С. 1-10. - ISSN 0177798X (ISSN) , DOI 10.1007/s00704-013-0935-8
Аннотация: We have recently suggested that the warming in the sea surface temperature (SST) since 1900, did not occur smoothly and slowly, but with two rapid shifts in 1925/1926 and 1987/1988, which are more obvious over the tropics and the northern midlatitudes. Apart from these shifts, most of the remaining SST variability can be explained by the El Nino Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Here, we provide evidence that the timing of these two SST shifts (around 60В years) corresponds well to the quasi-periodicity of many natural cycles, like that of the PDO, the global and Northern Hemisphere annual mean temperature, the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation, the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone, the Southwest US Drought data, the length of day, the air surface temperature, the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and the change in the location of the centre of mass of the solar system. In addition, we show that there exists a strong seasonal link between SST and ENSO over the tropics and the NH midlatitudes, which becomes stronger in autumn of the Northern Hemisphere. Finally, we found that before and after each SST shift, the intrinsic properties of the SST time series obey stochastic dynamics, which is unaffected by the modulation of these two shifts. In particular, the SST fluctuations for the time period between the two SST shifts exhibit 1/f-type long-range correlations, which are frequently encountered in a large variety of natural systems. Our results have potential implications for future climate shifts and crossing tipping points due to an interaction of intrinsic climate cycles and anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. В© 2013 Springer-Verlag Wien.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Gitelson I.I., Degermendzhy A.G., Rodicheva E.K.
Заглавие : Self-restoration as fundamental property of CES providing their sustainability
Место публикации : Advances in Space Research. - 2003. - Vol. 31, Is. 7. - С. 1641-1648. - ISSN 02731177 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00111-X
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): biocatalysts--ecosystems--genes--life support systems (spacecraft)--radiation damage--cell populations--space flight--space shuttle--article--biological model--biomass--cell division--chlorella--cytology--growth, development and aging--microclimate--radiation exposure--radiation response--ultraviolet radiation--biomass--cell division--chlorella--dose-response relationship, radiation--ecological systems, closed--life support systems--models, biological--ultraviolet rays
Аннотация: Sustainability is one of the most important criteria and evaluation of human life support systems intended for use during long space flights. The common feature of biological and physicochemical life support systems is that basically they are both catalytic. But there are two fundamental properties distinguishing biological systems: 1) they are auto-catalytic: their catalysts - enzymes of protein nature - are continuously reproduced when the system functions; 2) the program of every process performed by enzymes and the program of their reproduction are inherent in the biological system itself - in the totality of genomes of the species involved in the functioning of the ecosystem. Actually, one cell with the genome capable of the phenotypic realization is enough for the self-restoration of the function performed by the cells of this species in the ecosystem. The continuous microalgal culture of Chlorella vulgaris was taken to investigate quantitatively the process of self-restoration in unicellular algae population. Based on the data obtained, we proposed a mathematical model of the restoration process in a cell population that has suffered an acute radiation damage. В© 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Sevastianov V.I., Perova N.V., Shishatskaya E.I., Kalacheva G.S., Volova T.G.
Заглавие : Production of purified polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) for applications in contact with blood
Место публикации : Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition. - 2003. - Vol. 14, Is. 10. - С. 1029-1042. - ISSN 09205063 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1163/156856203769231547
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): ?-hydroxy acids--endotoxins--hemocompatibility--poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (phbv)--polyhydroxyalkanoates (phas)--polyhydroxybutyrate (phb)--bacterium lipopolysaccharide--carbon--complement--copolymer--hydroxyacid--long chain fatty acid--poly(3 hydroxybutyric acid)--polyhydroxyalkanoic acid--valeric acid derivative--adult--article--biofilm--biotechnology--blood analysis--blood clotting--blood compatibility--cell function--chemical analysis--chemical composition--complement activation--concentration (parameters)--controlled study--gas chromatography--hemostasis--human--human cell--mass spectrometry--micromorphology--nonhuman--priority journal--purification--quantitative analysis--sampling--synthesis--thrombocyte adhesion--wautersia eutropha--biocompatible materials--blood--blood coagulation tests--chromatography, gas--complement activation--cupriavidus necator--fatty acids--humans--platelet adhesiveness--polyesters--surface properties
Аннотация: Samples of olyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and copolymers poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) with 4 and 18 mol% hydroxyvalerate, synthesized by the bacteria Ralstonia eutropha B5786, were investigated. PHA films in contact with blood did not activate the hemostasis system at the level of cell response, but they did activate the coagulation system and the complement reaction. To detect biologically-active components in the PHAs, a detailed analysis of the composition of the polymers was conducted. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed long-chain fatty acids (FAs) in the tested PHAs. Their total concentration in the polymer ranged from tenths of mol% to 2-3 mol%, depending on the purification method. C16:0 constituted the largest proportion, up to 70%. Of the long-chain hydroxy acids, only ?-OH-C14:0 was detected and it did not exceed 0.06 mol%. The analysis of the hemocompatibility properties of the PHAs purified by a specialized procedure, including the quantitative and morphological estimation of platelets adherent to the surface of polymer films, the plasma recalcification time and complement activation studies, indicated that PHB and PHBV can be used in contact with blood. It has been found out that the lipopolysaccharides of bacteria producing PHAs, which contain mostly long-chain hydroxy acids, can be the factor activating the hemostasis systems. Thus, the technology of PHA purification must satisfy rather stringent specific requirements.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Shishatskaya E., Goreva A., Kalacheva G., Volova T.
Заглавие : Biocompatibility and resorption of intravenously administered polymer microparticles in tissues of internal organs of laboratory animals
Место публикации : Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition. - 2011. - Vol. 22, Is. 16. - С. 2185-2203. - ISSN 09205063 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1163/092050610X537138
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): 14c products of polymer resorption--intravenous administration--microparticles--resorbable polyhydroxybutyrate--tissues of internal organs--3-hydroxybutyric acid--sup14/supc products of polymer resorption--adverse effect--drug-delivery systems--growth and development--high molecular weight--initial molecular weight--initial values--internal organs--intravenous administration--laboratory animals--local response--matrix--mean diameter--micro-particles--polymer degradation--polymer microparticles--preparation process--radioactivity level--residual content--resorbable--sustained-release--tail veins--wistar rat--animals--biocompatibility--degradation--histology--molecular weight--morphology--radiation--radioactivity--rats--tissue--poly(3 hydroxybutyric acid)--animal experiment--animal tissue--article--biocompatibility--concentration process--controlled study--degradation--drug delivery system--female--gel permeation chromatography--heart--kidney parenchyma--liver--lung parenchyma--molecular weight--nonhuman--organ culture--priority journal--radioactivity--rat--spleen--animals--animals, laboratory--biocompatible materials--drug delivery systems--female--infusions, intravenous--materials testing--microspheres--molecular weight--particle size--polymers--rats--rats, wistar--tissue distribution--animalia--rattus--rattus norvegicus
Аннотация: Specimens of 14C-labeled polymer of 3-hydroxybutyric acid, P(3-HB), with different initial molecular weights, were used to prepare microparticles, whose morphology was not influenced by the M w of the polymer. During the particle preparation process, P(3-HB) molecular weight decreased by 15-20%. Sterile microparticles (mean diameter 2.4 ?m) were injected into the tail veins of Wistar rats (5 mg/rat). The effects of the particles administered to rats were studied based on the general response of animals and local response of internal organ tissues and blood morphology; no adverse effects on growth and development of the animals or unfavorable changes in the structure of the tissues of internal organs were observed. Measurements of radioactivity in tissues showed that 14C concentrations are different in different organs, changing during the course of the experiment. The main targets for 14C-labeled microparticles were tissues of the liver, spleen, and kidneys. Comparison of radioactivity levels and residual contents of high-molecular-weight matrix in tissues suggested that the most rapid metabolism and degradation of P(3-HB) occurred in the liver and spleen. Gel-permeation chromatography showed that at 3 h after the microparticles were injected into the bloodstream, polymer degradation started in all examined organs, except the lungs; at 12 weeks, the M w of the polymer matrix was as low as 20-30% of its initial value. The presence of high-molecular-weight (undegraded) polymer in the tissues at 12 weeks after administration of the particles suggests that P(3-HB) is degraded in tissues of internal organs slowly and, hence, P(3-HB)-based microparticles can be used as sustained-release drug-delivery systems. В© 2011 VSP.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Sushchik N.N., Kuchkina A.Y., Gladyshev M.I.
Заглавие : Fatty acid content and composition of sediments from Siberian eutrophic water bodies: Implications for biodiesel production
Место публикации : Water Research. - 2013. - Vol. 47, Is. 9. - С. 3192-3200. - ISSN 00431354 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/j.watres.2013.03.031
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): biodiesel--bottom sediments--fatty acids--fuel properties--inland water bodies--lipids--biological conditions--bottom sediments--environmental characteristic--freshwater reservoirs--fuel properties--inland waters--organic matter source--transformation process--biodiesel--eutrophication--fatty acids--feedstocks--fuels--lipids--reservoirs (water)--sedimentology--thermochemistry--sediments--biodiesel--fresh water--iodine--organic matter--biofuel--bottom water--combustion--eutrophic environment--eutrophication--fatty acid--lacustrine deposit--physicochemical property--reservoir--transformation--article--estuary--eutrophication--fatty acid analysis--lake--lipid composition--priority journal--sediment--khakassia--krasnoyarsk [krasnoyarsk (ads)]--krasnoyarsk [russian federation]--lake shira--russian federation
Аннотация: We studied lipids and fatty acids (FA) in bottom sediments from four Siberian water bodies, Bugach, Lesnoi and Krasnoyarsk freshwater reservoirs and brackish Shira lake, that differed in physico-chemical and biological conditions. We considered the potential of the bottom sediments as a feedstock for biodiesel production and estimated properties of the obtained biodiesel as a fuel on the basis of FA composition. Contents of lipids and FA in the sediments moderately varied and were generally close to the reported data from lacustrine and estuarine systems. We confirmed that long-term eutrophication of a water body resulted in the lipid-rich bottom sediments that make them a feedstock for biodiesel production. Each of the studied water bodies had specific FA composition of sediments likely due to different organic matter sources and transformation processes. Despite these differences in FA profiles, calculated key parameters (cetane number, iodine number and heat of combustion) of biodiesel produced from all the studied sediments met the limits established by current biodiesel standards. Thus, the variation in the sediment FA composition due to environmental characteristics of a water body likely has no principal significance for fuel properties of the obtained biodiesel. В© 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Whiles M.R., Gladyshev M.I., Sushchik N.N., Makhutova O.N., Kalachova G.S., Peterson S.D., Regester K.J.
Заглавие : Fatty acid analyses reveal high degrees of omnivory and dietary plasticity in pond-dwelling tadpoles
Место публикации : Freshwater Biology. - 2010. - Vol. 55, Is. 7. - С. 1533-1547. - ISSN 00465070 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02364.x
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): anura--diet--food web--foraging--gut contents--omnivory--selective feeding--amphibia--anura--bacteria (microorganisms)--hexapoda--lithobates--pseudacris crucifer
Аннотация: 1. Understanding the trophic relationships of consumers is central to ecology, but constructing meaningful food webs is often difficult because of a lack of detailed information on consumption versus assimilation and high degrees of omnivory.2. We used fatty acid analyses to examine the trophic relationships of three common larval anurans (Pseudacris crucifer, Lithobates catesbeianus and Lithobates clamitans) that are often classified as grazers or detritivores. Tadpoles and potential food sources were sampled in four ponds in southern Illinois and analysed for fatty acid composition. Single linkage cluster analysis was then used to compare fatty acid profiles among tadpole gut contents, tadpole muscle tissues and available food resources.3. Diets varied among species and within species among ponds, but organic sediments consistently contributed most to the fatty acid composition of the gut contents of all species. Fatty acid profiles also indicated that larval insects and phytoplankton were consumed by both L. catesbeianus and L. clamitans in one pond, while L. clamitans and P. crucifer consumed mainly periphyton along with sediments in another pond, and these diet differences appeared linked to physical differences among ponds, with periphyton and/or phytoplankton contributing more to tadpole diets in less shaded ponds.4. The fatty acid composition of muscle tissues of L. clamitans, the dominant tadpole in these systems, indicated that plant detritus and bacteria, which were the dominant components of organic sediments in the ponds, were common components of the assimilatory diet.5. Results demonstrate the utility of fatty acid analyses for assessing both consumption and assimilation. The tadpole assemblages we examined derive much of their energy from heterotrophic and allochthonous sources and exhibit high dietary plasticity. This information will allow for more accurate and comprehensive assessments of trophic interactions in freshwater habitats, as well as aid in amphibian conservation, management and captive propagation efforts. В© 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Sushchik N.N., Gladyshev M.I., Kalachova G.S., Kravchuk E.S., Dubovskaya O.P., Ivanova E.A.
Заглавие : Particulate fatty acids in two small Siberian reservoirs dominated by different groups of phytoplankton
Место публикации : Freshwater Biology. - 2003. - Vol. 48, Is. 3. - С. 394-403. - ISSN 00465070 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.01009.x
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): cyanobacteria--daphnids--diatoms--fatty acids--alga--cyanobacterium--fatty acid--periodicity--phytoplankton--reservoir--seston--algae--bacillariophyta--chlorophyta--cyanobacteria--daphnia--dinophyceae--euglenida--eukaryota
Аннотация: 1. We studied the composition of fatty acids (FAs) in the seston from two small freshwater reservoirs (Bugach and Lesnoi) with distinct periodicity of domination by cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae during the growth season. 2. The diatoms in the both reservoirs were characterised by a high content of 14:0 and C16 unsaturated acids, whereas that of the essential FA 20:5?3 [eicosapentanoic acid (EPA)] was low. The correlation between this polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) and diatom biomass was not significant in either reservoir. The percentage of 20:5?3 in seston significantly correlated with the biomass of euglenophyta in Bugach and dinophyta in Lesnoi. Hence the diatoms, usually referred as a valuable food for zooplankton, were not an important source of the essential PUFA in these systems. 3. The dominant cyanobacteria in Bugach, and the green algae in Lesnoi, both contained the same marker acids: 18:3?3 and 18:2?6. Hence, a discrimination between these two phytoplanktonic groups on the basis of FA biomarkers may be difficult in some cases. 4. We found no significant correlation between the content of 20:5?3 in seston and the biomass of the dominant daphniids in either reservoir. This is contrary to expectations, based on the literature, that EPA is generally important. Rather, the biomass of the two dominant Daphnia species in Bugach correlated strongly with the content of 18:3?3 in the seston. The cyanobacteria were a probable source of this ?3 FA for Daphnia. We conclude that EPA is not always important for Daphnia populations although, in such cases, some other PUFA (e.g. 18:3?3) might be related to their growth.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Kratasyuk V.A., Esimbekova E.N., Gladyshev M.I., Khromichek E.B., Kuznetsov A.M., Ivanova E.A.
Заглавие : The use of bioluminescent biotests for study of natural and laboratory aquatic ecosystems
Место публикации : Chemosphere. - 2001. - Vol. 42, Is. 8. - С. 909-915. - ISSN 00456535 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00177-6
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): alcohol dehydrogenase--bacterial luciferase--bioluminescence--blooming--pollution--trypsin--water toxicity--alcohol dehydrogenase--benzoquinone--luciferase--trypsin--aquatic ecosystem--bioluminescence--water quality--article--bacterium culture--bioluminescence--blue green alga--ecosystem--pond--seasonal variation--water pollution--water quality--benzoquinones--biological assay--cyanobacteria--ecosystem--environmental monitoring--eutrophication--fmn reductase--indicators and reagents--luminescent measurements--nadh, nadph oxidoreductases--water pollutants--russian federation--algae--bacteria (microorganisms)--chlorophyta--cyanobacteria--uncultured cyanobacterium
Аннотация: A set of bioluminescent tests was developed to monitor water quality in natural and laboratory ecosystems. It consisted of four bioluminescent systems: luminous bacteria, coupled enzyme system NADH:FMN-oxidoreductase-luciferase and triplet enzyme systems with alcohol dehydrogenase and trypsin. The set of biotests was applied for a small forest pond (Siberia, Russia), laboratory microecosystems polluted with benzoquinone and a batch culture of blue-green algae. Thereby effects of natural water compared to those of models of heavy pollution and "bloom" of blue-greens on the bioluminescent tests were revealed. The set of biotests was not affected by a natural seasonal variability of water quality in the unpolluted pond, but responded to the heavy pollution and the "bloom" of blue-greens. The set of biotests could be recommended as the alarm test to control the acute toxicity of natural water bodies. В© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.
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10.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Shevyrnogov A.P., Sidko A.F.
Заглавие : Remote diagnostics of vegetation covers by spectral brightness of plants
Место публикации : Advances in Space Research. - 1995. - Vol. 16, Is. 10. - С. 185-188. - ISSN 02731177 (ISSN)
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): plant--spectral brightness--vegetation
Аннотация: Optical remote methods are able to solve numerous scientific and practical problems associated with development of ecological monitoring systems, monitoring of plant cenoses' condition, forests and agricultural crops, in particular. Investigation of vegetation covers (VC) by optical remote methods is based on comprehensive examination and analysis of interaction mechanisms of incident and reflected solar light with plants, their dependence on geometric and pigment structure. В© 1995.
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11.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Shevyrnogov A., Vysotskaya G., Shevyrnogov E.
Заглавие : A study of the stationary and the anomalous in the ocean surface chlorophyll distribution by satellite data
Место публикации : International Journal of Remote Sensing. - 2004. - Vol. 25, Is. 7-8. - С. 1383-1387. - ISSN 01431161 (ISSN)
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): chlorophyll--data reduction--oceanography--planets--probability--satellite communication systems--biospheres--remote sensing--chlorophyll--concentration (composition)--remote sensing--satellite data--sea surface
Аннотация: Variability of chlorophyll concentration in the ocean is one of the most important components of the primary production process on the planet. To preserve the biosphere and to make appropriate use of it, it is imperative to have a deep insight into the long-term dynamics of the primary production on the planet. To investigate the dynamics of chlorophyll concentration based on satellite data, the Institute of Biophysics (Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch) has developed a geoinformation system. It was used to detect the areas in the global ocean that are quasistationary in relation to seasonal dynamics of chlorophyll concentration. Areas such as these, found in the Indian Ocean, are described in this work. These areas form the basis for the analysis of long-term dynamics of chlorophyll concentration. In these quasistationary zones systematic monitoring of phytopigment concentration is conducted by space-borne and marine craft. The work presents long-term satellite-based data on the space distribution of anomalous deviations of chlorophyll concentration in the ocean. An anomaly criterion is proposed and maps of Pacific Ocean areas with a high probability of anomalies are presented. В© 2004 Taylor and Francis Ltd.
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12.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Balnokin Y., Nikolai M., Popova L., Tikhomirov A., Ushakova S., Lasseur C., Gros J.-B.
Заглавие : Use of halophytic plants for recycling NaCl in human liquid waste in a bioregenerative life support system
Место публикации : Advances in Space Research. - 2010. - Vol. 46, Is. 6. - С. 768-774. - ISSN 02731177 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/j.asr.2010.03.020
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): biological life support system--halophytes--human waste recycling--nacl recycling--a plants--biological life support systems--biomass productions--bioregenerative life support systems--daily ration--europaea--growth conditions--halophytes--halophytic plants--human waste--liquid wastes--nutrient solution--optimal conditions--salicornia europaea--body fluids--liquids--nutrients--plant shutdowns--plants (botany)--recycling--sodium alloys--sodium chloride
Аннотация: The purpose of this work was to develop technology for recycling NaCl containing in human liquid waste as intrasystem matter in a bioregenerative life support system (BLSS). The circulation of Na+ and Cl- excreted in urine is achieved by inclusion of halophytes, i.e. plants that naturally inhabit salt-rich soils and accumulate NaCl in their organs. A model of Na+ and Cl- recycling in a BLSS was designed, based on the NaCl turnover in the human-urine-nutrient solution-halophytic plant-human cycle. The study consisted of (i) selecting a halophyte suitable for inclusion in a BLSS, and (ii) determining growth conditions supporting maximal Na + and Cl- accumulation in the shoots of the halophyte growing in a nutrient solution simulating mineralized urine. For the selected halophytic plant, Salicornia europaea, growth rate under optimal conditions, biomass production and quantities of Na+ and Cl- absorbed were determined. Characteristics of a plant production conveyor consisting of S. europaea at various ages, and allowing continuity of Na+ and Cl - turnover, were estimated. It was shown that closure of the NaCl cycle in a BLSS can be attained if the daily ration of fresh Salicornia biomass for a BLSS inhabitant is approximately 360 g. В© 2010 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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13.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Ushakova S., Tikhomirov A., Shikhov V., Kudenko Yu., Anischenko O., Gros J.-B., Lasseur Ch.
Заглавие : Increased BLSS closure using mineralized human waste in plant cultivation on a neutral substrate
Место публикации : Advances in Space Research. - 2009. - Vol. 44, Is. 8. - С. 971-978. - ISSN 02731177 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/j.asr.2009.06.003
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): biological life support system--crops--human waste recycling--hydroponics--biological life support system--biological life support systems--biological productivity--control experiments--control plants--environmental conditions--expanded clay--human waste--human waste recycling--hydroponics--in-plants--macro element--mineral element--neutral solution--nutrient solution--photosynthetic apparatus--pisum sativum--plant growth--scale potential--spring wheat--triticum aestivum--vegetation periods--water extracts--wheat straws--clay minerals--crops--minerals--mining--nutrients--pilot plants--plant life extension--potassium--productivity--recycling--solvent extraction--vegetation--water content--plant shutdowns
Аннотация: The purpose of this work was to study the full-scale potential use of human mineralized waste (feces and urine) as a source of mineral elements for plant cultivation in a biological life support system (BLSS). Plants that are potential candidates for a photosynthesizing link were grown on a neutral solution containing human mineralized waste. Spring wheat Triticum aestivum L., peas Pisum sativum L. Ambrosia cultivar and leaf lettuce Lactuca sativa L., Vitaminny variety, were used. The plants were grown hydroponically on expanded clay aggregates in a vegetation chamber in constant environmental conditions. During plant growth, a determined amount of human mineralized waste was added daily to the nutrient solution. The nutrient solution remained unchanged throughout the vegetation period. Estimated plant requirements for macro-elements were based on a total biological productivity of 0.04 kg day-1 m-2. As the plant requirements for potassium exceeded the potassium content of human waste, a water extract of wheat straw containing the required amount of potassium was added to the nutrient solution. The Knop's solution was used in the control experiments. The experimental and control plants showed no significant differences in state or productivity of their photosynthetic apparatus. A small decrease in total productivity of the experimental plants was observed, which might result in some reduction of O{cyrillic}2 production in a BLSS. В© 2009 COSPAR.
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14.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Velichko V.V., Tikhomirov A.A., Ushakova S.A., Tikhomirova N.A., Shihov V.N., Tirranen L.S., Gribovskaya I.A.
Заглавие : Production characteristics of the "higher plants-soil-like substrate" system as an element of the bioregenerative life support system
Место публикации : Advances in Space Research. - 2013. - Vol. 51, Is. 1. - С. 115-123. - ISSN 02731177 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/j.asr.2012.08.003
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): biological-technical life support system--soil-like substrate--utilization of plant wastes--age groups--bioregenerative life support systems--cultivated crops--cyperus esculentus--growth chamber--higher plants--mineral element--nitrogen content--nutrient solution--plant wastes--raphanus sativus--root zone--soil-like substrate--study materials--biomass--carbon dioxide--harvesting--minerals--plants (botany)--soils--substrates--waste utilization--ecology
Аннотация: The study addresses the possibility of long-duration operation of a higher plant conveyor, using a soil-like substrate (SLS) as the root zone. Chufa (Cyperus esculentus L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were used as study material. A chufa community consisting of 4 age groups and radish and lettuce communities consisting of 2 age groups were irrigated with a nutrient solution, which contained mineral elements extracted from the SLS. After each harvest, inedible biomass of the harvested plants and inedible biomasses of wheat and saltwort were added to the SLS. The amounts of the inedible biomasses of wheat and saltwort to be added to the SLS were determined based on the nitrogen content of the edible mass of harvested plants. CO2 concentration in the growth chamber was maintained within the range of 1100-1700 ppm. The results of the study show that higher plants can be grown quite successfully using the proposed process of plant waste utilization in the SLS. The addition of chufa inedible biomass to the SLS resulted in species-specific inhibition of growth of both cultivated crops and microorganisms in the "higher plants - SLS" system. There were certain differences between the amounts of some mineral elements removed from the SLS with the harvested edible biomass and those added to it with the inedible biomasses of wheat and saltwort. В© 2012 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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15.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Ushakova S.A., Tikhomirov A.A., Tikhomirova N.A., Kudenko Y.A., Litovka Y.A., Anishchenko O.V.
Заглавие : A biological method of including mineralized human liquid and solid wastes into the mass exchange of bio-technical life support systems
Место публикации : Advances in Space Research. - 2012. - Vol. 50, Is. 7. - С. 932-940. - ISSN 02731177 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/j.asr.2012.05.023
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): bio-technical life support system--conveyor-grown uneven-aged communities of wheat and salicornia--utilization of human wastes--age groups--biological methods--dry weight--expanded clay--harvest index--human waste--leafy vegetables--liquid wastes--mass exchange--mineral element--nutrient solution--plant communities--salicornia europaea--salt content--time interval--uneven-aged--water culture--wheat biomass--conveyors--incineration--irrigation--minerals--nutrients--plants (botany)--productivity--sodium chloride--waste incineration--waste utilization--liquids
Аннотация: The main obstacle to using mineralized human solid and liquid wastes as a source of mineral elements for plants cultivated in bio-technical life support systems (BLSS) is that they contain NaCl. The purpose of this study is to determine whether mineralized human wastes can be used to prepare the nutrient solution for long-duration conveyor cultivation of uneven-aged wheat and Salicornia europaea L. plant community. Human solid and liquid wastes were mineralized by the method of "wet incineration" developed by Yu. Kudenko. They served as a basis for preparing the solutions that were used for conveyor-type cultivation of wheat community represented by 5 age groups, planted with a time interval of 14 days. Wheat was cultivated hydroponically on expanded clay particles. To reduce salt content of the nutrient solution, every two weeks, after wheat was harvested, 12 L of solution was removed from the wheat irrigation tank and used for Salicornia europaea cultivation in water culture in a conveyor mode. The Salicornia community was represented by 2 age groups, planted with a time interval of 14 days. As some portion of the nutrient solution used for wheat cultivation was regularly removed, sodium concentration in the wheat irrigation solution did not exceed 400 mg/L, and mineral elements contained in the removed portion were used for Salicornia cultivation. The experiment lasted 4 months. The total wheat biomass productivity averaged 30.1 gВ·m -2В·day -1, and the harvest index amounted to 36.8%. The average productivity of Salicornia edible biomass on a dry weight basis was 39.3 gВ·m -2В·day -1, and its aboveground mass contained at least 20% of NaCl. Thus, the proposed technology of cultivation of wheat and halophyte plant community enables using mineralized human wastes as a basis for preparing nutrient solutions and including NaCl in the mass exchange of the BLSS; moreover, humans are supplied with additional amounts of leafy vegetables. В© 2012 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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16.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Tikhomirov A.A., Kudenko Y.A., Degermendzhi A.G., Trifonov S.V., Sutormina E.F., Ivanova Y.A.
Заглавие : Assessment of composition and toxicity for plants of gases produced during physicochemical processing of human exometabolites as applied to biotechnical life support systems
Место публикации : Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics. - 2011. - Vol. 441, Is. 1. - С. 252-254. - ISSN 16076729 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1134/S1607672911060032
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): ammonia--carbon dioxide--nitrogen oxide--oxygen--article--biomass--bioremediation--drug effect--gas--growth, development and aging--human--instrumentation--methodology--microclimate--plant--waste management--ammonia--biodegradation, environmental--biomass--carbon dioxide--ecological systems, closed--gases--humans--life support systems--nitrogen oxides--oxygen--plants--waste management
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17.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Tikhomirov A.A., Ushakova S.A., Velichko V.V., Tikhomirova N.A., Kudenko Y.A., Gribovskaya I.V., Gros J.-B., Lasseur C.
Заглавие : Assessment of the possibility of establishing material cycling in an experimental model of the bio-technical life support system with plant and human wastes included in mass exchange
Место публикации : Acta Astronautica. - 2011. - Vol. 68, Is. 9-10. - С. 1548-1554. - ISSN 00945765 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.10.005
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): biological-technical life support system--photosynthesizing unit--utilization of plant and human wastes--biological substrates--chemical component--experimental models--human waste--life support systems--mass exchange--mass transfer process--material cycling--photosynthesizing unit--physicochemical methods--pilot model--plant biomass--plant wastes--recycled products--salicornia europaea--simultaneous use--soil-like substrate--utilization of plant and human wastes--sodium chloride--substrates--waste incineration--waste utilization
Аннотация: A pilot model of a bio-technical life support system (BTLSS) including human and plant wastes has been developed at the Institute of Biophysics SB RAS (Krasnoyarsk, Russia). This paper describes the structure of the photosynthesizing unit of the system, which includes wheat, chufa and vegetables. The study substantiates the simultaneous use of neutral and biological substrates for cultivating plants. A novel physicochemical method for the involvement of human wastes in the cycling has been employed, which enables the use of recycled products as nutrients for plants. Inedible plant biomass was subjected to biological combustion in the soil-like substrate (SLS) and was thus involved in the system mass exchange; NaCl contained in native urine was returned to the human through the consumption of Salicornia europaea, an edible salt-concentrating plant. Mass transfer processes in the studied BLSS have been examined for different chemical components. В© 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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18.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Tikhomirov A.A., Kudenko Y.A., Ushakova S.A., Tirranen L.S., Gribovskaya I.A., Gros J.-B., Lasseur C.
Заглавие : Use of human wastes oxidized to different degrees in cultivation of higher plants on the soil-like substrate intended for closed ecosystems
Место публикации : Advances in Space Research. - 2010. - Vol. 46, Is. 6. - С. 744-750. - ISSN 02731177 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/j.asr.2010.02.024
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): life support systems--microflora--mineralized human wastes--phototrophic unit--wet incineration--alternating electromagnetic field--bioregenerative life support systems--degree of oxidations--denitrifying microorganisms--growth and development--higher plants--human waste--life support systems--mass exchange--microbiotas--microflora--microscopic fungi--mineralized human wastes--nutrient solution--oxidation level--phytopathogenic bacteria--plant productivity--soil-like substrate--wheat plants--biomolecules--electromagnetic fields--irrigation--magnetic field effects--metabolism--metabolites--oxidation--plants (botany)--soils--solvent extraction--wastes--waste incineration
Аннотация: To close mass exchange loops in bioregenerative life support systems more efficiently, researchers of the Institute of Biophysics SB RAS (Krasnoyarsk, Russia) have developed a procedure of wet combustion of human wastes and inedible parts of plants using H2O2 in alternating electromagnetic field. Human wastes pretreated in this way can be used as nutrient solutions to grow plants in the phototrophic unit of the LSS. The purpose of this study was to explore the possibilities of using human wastes oxidized to different degrees to grow plants cultivated on the soil-like substrate (SLS). The treated human wastes were analyzed to test their sterility. Then we investigated the effects produced by human wastes oxidized to different degrees on growth and development of wheat plants and on the composition of microflora in the SLS. The irrigation solution contained water, substances extracted from the substrate, and certain amounts of the mineralized human wastes. The experiments showed that the human wastes oxidized using reduced amounts of 30% H2O2: 1 ml/g of feces and 0.25 ml/ml of urine were still sterile. The experiments with wheat plants grown on the SLS and irrigated by the solution containing treated human wastes in the amount simulating 1/6 of the daily diet of a human showed that the degree of oxidation of human wastes did not significantly affect plant productivity. On the other hand, the composition of the microbiota of irrigation solutions was affected by the oxidation level of the added metabolites. In the solutions supplemented with partially oxidized metabolites yeast-like microscopic fungi were 20 times more abundant than in the solutions containing fully oxidized metabolites. Moreover, in the solutions containing incompletely oxidized human wastes the amounts of phytopathogenic bacteria and denitrifying microorganisms were larger. Thus, insufficiently oxidized sterile human wastes added to the irrigation solutions significantly affect the composition of the microbiological component of these solutions, which can ultimately unbalance the system as a whole. В© 2010 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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19.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Ushakova S.A., Zolotukhin I.G., Tikhomirov A.A., Tikhomirova N.A., Kudenko Yu.A., Gribovskaya I.V., Balnokin Yu., Gros J.B.
Заглавие : Some methods for human liquid and solid waste utilization in bioregenerative life-support systems
Место публикации : Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. - 2008. - Vol. 151, Is. 2-3. - С. 676-685. - ISSN 02732289 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1007/s12010-008-8291-3
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): closure--human waste--life-support systems--salicornia--sodium chloride--above-ground biomass--biological lives--bioregenerative--closure--cultivation process--culture methods--human waste--irrigation waters--life-support systems--manned space missions--mineral elements--physico-chemical methods--salicornia--salicornia europaea--salt-tolerant--soil-like substrates--biomass--body fluids--electrodialysis--grain (agricultural product)--irrigation--liquids--metal refining--minerals--mining--oxidation--plant shutdowns--sodium chloride--soils--solid wastes--substrates--water supply--vegetation--article--biomass--controlled study--electrodialysis--halophyte--irrigation (agriculture)--microclimate--nonhuman--recycling--salicornia europaea--solid waste--bioremediation--dialysis--feces--goosefoot--growth, development and aging--human--methodology--salt tolerance--urine--waste management--wheat--batis maritima--salicornia--salicornia europaea--triticum aestivum--biodegradation, environmental--chenopodiaceae--dialysis--feces--humans--life support systems--salt-tolerance--triticum--urine--waste management
Аннотация: Bioregenerative life-support systems (BLSS) are studied for developing the technology for a future biological life-support system for long-term manned space missions. Ways to utilize human liquid and solid wastes to increase the closure degree of BLSS were investigated. First, urine and faeces underwent oxidation by Kudenko's physicochemical method. The products were then used for root nutrition of wheat grown by the soil-like substrate culture method. Two means of eliminating sodium chloride, introduced into the irrigation solution together with the products of urine oxidation, were investigated. The first was based on routine electrodialysis of irrigation water at the end of wheat vegetation. Dialysis eliminated about 50% of Na from the solution. This desalinization was performed for nine vegetations. The second method was new: after wheat cultivation, the irrigation solution and the solution obtained by washing the substrate containing mineral elements not absorbed by the plants were used to grow salt-tolerant Salicornia europaea L. plants (saltwort). The above-ground biomass of this plant can be used as a food, and roots can be added to the soil-like substrate. Four consecutive wheat and Salicornia vegetations were cultivated. As a result of this wheat and Salicornia cultivation process, the soil-like substrate salinization by NaCl were considerably decreased. В© 2008 Humana Press.
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20.

Вид документа : Статья из сборника (выпуск продолж. издания)
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Tikhomirov A.A., Ushakova S.A., Shikhov V.N., Gros J.-B., Golovko T.K., Dal'Ke I.V., Zakhozhii I.G.
Заглавие : Tolerance of plants grown on human mineralized waste to changes in air temperature
Место публикации : International Astronautical Federation - 59th International Astronautical Congress 2008, IAC 2008. - 2008. - Vol. 1: 59th International Astronautical Congress 2008, IAC 2008 (29 September 2008 through 3 October 2008, Glasgow) Conference code: 79748. - С. 311-320
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): air temperature--alternating electromagnetic field--biological life support systems--closedness--controlled process--fluorescence measurements--gas exchange--heat stress--high temperature--human waste--nutrient solution--old plants--photosynthetic apparatus--photosynthetically active radiation--plant components--plant growth--plant wastes--protective action--reproductive organs--temperature changes--temperature conditions--atmospheric temperature--electromagnetic field effects--electromagnetic fields--gas plants--heat resistance--hydrogen peroxide--oxygen supply--plant life extension--productivity--specific heat--thermal stress--waste utilization--plant shutdowns
Аннотация: The main objective of an LSS is to supply a crew with food, water and oxygen, and to eliminate its waste. The ultimate goal is to achieve the highest degree of closure of the system using controlled processes offering a high level of reliability and flexibility. Enhancement of closedness of biological life support systems (BLSS) including plants relies on increased regeneration of gas, water and plant waste, and utilization of solid and liquid human wastes. Clearly, the robustness of an LSS subjected to stress will be substantially determined by the robustness of the plant components of the phototrophic unit. The aim of the present work was to estimate the heat resistance of plants grown on human wastes. Human exometabolites mineralized by hydrogen peroxide in an alternating electromagnetic field were used to make a nutrient solution for the plants. We looked for a possible increase in the heat resistance of the plants using changes in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intensity during heat stress. At ages 15 and 25 days, plants were subjected to a rise in air temperature (from 22-24В°C to 44В°C) under different PAR intensities for 4 hours. The status of the photosynthetic apparatus of the plants was assessed by external CO2 gas exchange and fluorescence measurements. The increased irradiance of the plants during the high temperature period demonstrated its protective action for both the photosynthetic apparatus of the leaves and subsequent plant growth and development. The productivity of the plants subjected to temperature changes at 250 W/m2 of PAR did not differ from that of controls, whereas the productivity of the plants subjected to the same heat stress but in darkness was halved. The heat resistance of the reproductive organs of 25-day-old plants was significantly lower than that of 15-day-old plants subjected to similar light and temperature conditions.
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