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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Zotina T. A., Trofimova E. A., Medvedeva M. Y., Dementyev D. V., Bolsunovsky A. Y.
Заглавие : Use of the aquatic plant Elodea canadensis to assess toxicity and genotoxicity of Yenisei River sediments
Место публикации : Environ. Toxicol. Chem. - 2015. - Vol. 34, Is. 10. - С. 2310-2321. - ISSN 07307268 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1002/etc.3057
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): aquatic plants--biomarkers--genotoxicity--sediment quality--sediment toxicity--biomarkers--chromosomes--cytotoxicity--pollution--pollution control--radioactive waste disposal--radioactivity--river pollution--sediments--toxicity--aquatic plants--genotoxicities--laboratory bioassay--radioactive contamination--radioactive pollution--sediment quality--sediment toxicity--toxicity endpoints--rivers--article--bioassay--controlled study--cytotoxicity--elodea canadensis--environmental exposure--genotoxicity--indicator organism--lake sediment--mitosis index--nonhuman--plant growth--plant root--priority journal--radioactive pollution--river--root length--russian federation--sensitivity analysis--shoot--toxicity testing--elodea--elodea canadensis
Аннотация: The toxicity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity of bulk sediments from the Yenisei River (Siberia, Russia) were estimated in laboratory bioassays based on several endpoints in the aquatic plant Elodea canadensis. The bottom sediment samples were collected in the Yenisei River upstream and downstream of the sources of chemical and radioactive contamination. The testing revealed different sensitivities of Elodea endpoints to the quality of the bottom sediment: weight of shootslength of shootsmitotic indexlength of rootspercentage of abnormal cells. The response of the genotoxicity endpoint (percentage of cells with chromosome abnormalities in roots of Elodea) was the highest in sediments with chemical pollution, whereas the highest inhibition of toxicity endpoints (shoot and root length) occurred in sediments with the highest level of radioactive pollution. The extreme response of Elodea endpoints to the quality of certain sediment samples may be regarded as related to the possible presence of unknown toxicants. The results show that E. canadensis can be used as an indicator species in laboratory contact testing of bottom sediment. The responses of shoot and root length growth endpoints of Elodea can be recommended as basic sensitivity indicators of bottom sediment toxicity. Analysis of cells carrying abnormal chromosomes in the apical root meristem of Elodea can be performed optionally in the same test to assess the genotoxicity of sediments. © 2015 SETAC.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Menzyanova N. G., Pyatina S. А., Nikolaeva E. D., Shabanov A. V., Nemtsev I. V., Stolyarov D. P., Dryganov D. B., Sakhnov E. V., Shishatskaya E. I.
Заглавие : Screening of biopolymeric materials for cardiovascular surgery toxicity—Evaluation of their surface relief with assessment of morphological aspects of monocyte/macrophage polarization in atherosclerosis patients
Место публикации : Toxicol. Rep.: Elsevier Inc., 2019. - Vol. 6. - С. 74-90. - ISSN 22147500 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.11.009
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): atherosclerosis--cell morphology--intravascular stenting--macrophages--monocytes--polyhydroxyalkanoates
Аннотация: The morphotypes of human macrophages (MPh) were studied in the culture on nano-structured biopolymer substrates, made from polyhydroxyalcanoates (PHAs) of five various monomer compositions, followed by the solvent evaporation. Its surface relief, which was further in direct contact with human cells in vitro, was analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was shown, that the features of the micro/nano relief depend on the monomeric composition of the polymer substrates. Monocytes (MN) of patients with atherosclerosis and cardiac ischemia, undergoing stenting and conventional anti-atherosclerotic therapy, were harvested prior and after stenting. MN were isolated and cultured, with the transformation into MPh in direct contact with biopolymer culture substrates with different monomer composition and nano-reliefs, and transformed into MPh, in comparison with the same process on standard culture plastic. Sub-populations of cells with characteristic morphology in each phenotypic class were described, and their quantitative ratios for each sample of polymers were counted as an intermediate result in the development of “smart” material for cardiovascular devices. The results obtained allow us to assume, that the processes of MPh differentiation and polarization in vitro depend not only on the features of the micro/nano relief of biopolymer substrates, but also on the initial state of MN in vivo and general response of patients. © 2018 The Authors
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Kalyabina, Valeriya P., Esimbekova, Elena N., Kopylova, Kseniya, V, Kratasyuk, Valentina A.
Заглавие : Pesticides: formulants, distribution pathways and effects on human health-a review
Колич.характеристики :14 с
Коллективы : Government of Krasnoyarsk Territory, Krasnoyarsk Regional Fund of Science; Russian Foundation for Basic ResearchRussian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) [20-44-242001]
Место публикации : Toxicol. Rep.: ELSEVIER, 2021. - Vol. 8. - С. 1179-1192. - ISSN 2214-7500(eISSN), DOI 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.06.004
Примечания : Cited References:211. - The research was funding by the Government of Krasnoyarsk Territory, Krasnoyarsk Regional Fund of Science and Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project No 20-44-242001).
Предметные рубрики: GLYPHOSATE-BASED HERBICIDES
ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS
IN-VITRO
Аннотация: Pesticides are commonly used in agriculture to enhance crop production and control pests. Therefore, pesticide residues can persist in the environment and agricultural crops. Although modern formulations are relatively safe to non-target species, numerous theoretical and experimental data demonstrate that pesticide residues can produce long-term negative effects on the health of humans and animals and stability of ecosystems. Of particular interest are molecular mechanisms that mediate the start of a cascade of adverse effects. This is a review of the latest literature data on the effects and consequences of contamination of agricultural crops by pesticide residues. In addition, we address the issue of implicit risks associated with pesticide formulations. The effects of pesticides are considered in the context of the Adverse Outcome Pathway concept.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Kalyabina V. P., Esimbekova E. N., Kopylova K. V., Kratasyuk V. A.
Заглавие : Pesticides: formulants, distribution pathways and effects on human health – a review
Место публикации : Toxicol. Rep.: Elsevier Inc., 2021. - Vol. 8. - С. 1179-1192. - ISSN 22147500 (ISSN), DOI 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.06.004
Аннотация: Pesticides are commonly used in agriculture to enhance crop production and control pests. Therefore, pesticide residues can persist in the environment and agricultural crops. Although modern formulations are relatively safe to non-target species, numerous theoretical and experimental data demonstrate that pesticide residues can produce long-term negative effects on the health of humans and animals and stability of ecosystems. Of particular interest are molecular mechanisms that mediate the start of a cascade of adverse effects. This is a review of the latest literature data on the effects and consequences of contamination of agricultural crops by pesticide residues. In addition, we address the issue of implicit risks associated with pesticide formulations. The effects of pesticides are considered in the context of the Adverse Outcome Pathway concept. © 2021 The Author(s)
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Oskina N., Lopatina T., Anishchenko O., Zadereev E.
Заглавие : High Resistance of Resting Eggs of Cladoceran Moina macrocopa to the Effect of Heavy Metals
Место публикации : Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.: Springer New York LLC, 2018. - Article in press. - ISSN 00074861 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1007/s00128-018-2473-7
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): hatching success--heavy metals--life table parameters--resistance--resting eggs--copper--electric resistance--aquatic habitats--critical concentration--environmental pollutions--hatching success--high resistance--lethal concentration--life table--resting eggs--heavy metals
Аннотация: The research aimed to determine critical concentrations of heavy metals at which survival of resting eggs of the cladoceran Moina macrocopa is negatively affected. Resting eggs’ viability was not affected over a 30-days exposure towards copper, cadmium, zinc or nickel at concentrations up to 60–70 g/L. When resting eggs were exposed to sediment contaminated with heavy metals for 8 months, the hatching success was affected at 30 g copper/kg. Thus, resting eggs of Cladocera can tolerate heavy metals at concentrations that far exceed lethal concentrations of heavy metals to active life stage and exceed low or moderate levels of environmental pollution. Follow up investigation of life table parameters of hatchlings from resting eggs exposed to heavy metals demonstrated that neither lifespan nor fecundity of hatchlings differ from control animals. These results demonstrate that zooplankton may rapidly recover from resting egg bank once aquatic habitat becomes unpolluted. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Gladyshev M.I., Gribovskaya I.V., Moskvicheva A.V., Muchkina E.Y., Chuprov S.M., Ivanova E.A.
Заглавие : Content of metals in compartments of ecosystem of a Siberian pond
Место публикации : Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. - 2001. - Vol. 41, Is. 2. - С. 157-162. - ISSN 00904341 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1007/s002440010233
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): aluminum--cadmium--calcium--chromium--copper--heavy metal--iron--lead--magnesium--manganese--nickel--potassium--sodium--zinc--aquatic ecosystem--biological uptake--heavy metal--pond--article--bioaccumulation--ecosystem--fish--nonhuman--pond--priority journal--russian federation--sediment--soil pollution--water contamination--animals--ecosystem--environmental monitoring--fishes--geologic sediments--invertebrates--metals, heavy--plants--water pollutants--russian federation
Аннотация: During three field seasons (June-September) of 1997-99 contents of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Al, Cr, Ni, Cd, and Pb were determined in compartments of ecosystem (surrounding soils, bottom sediments, water, zoobenthos, macrophytes, and fish) of a fish and recreation pond situated at the edge of Krasnoyarsk City (Siberia, Russia). Contents of most parts of metals in soils, water, and macrophytes significantly correlated with each other. As concluded, their contents were determined by natural, general, geochemical peculiarities of the region. Heavy metals, contents of which were higher than federal upper limits of concentration, were revealed. In muscles of fish with different feeding spectra - crucian and perch - concentrations of some metals differed significantly; correlation graphs for metals also had different structures. Comparison of our data with those on diverse aquatic ecosystems of Siberia, Europe, North America, and China published in the last decade was carried out. It was concluded that a distribution of heavy metals in the compartments of an aquatic ecosystem presently have to be determined for each particular water body until general regularities are discovered.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Gladyshev M.I., Gribovskaya I.V., Moskvicheva A.V., Muchkina E.Y., Chuprov S.M., Ivanova E.A.
Заглавие : Content of metals in compartments of ecosystem of a Siberian pond
Колич.характеристики :6 с
Место публикации : Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.: SPRINGER-VERLAG, 2001. - Vol. 41, Is. 2. - P157-162. - ISSN 0090-4341
Примечания : Cited References: 26
Предметные рубрики: CHIRONOMUS-RIPARIUS MEIGEN
NELSON RIVER SYSTEM
AQUATIC MACROPHYTES
LARVAE DIPTERA
HEAVY-METAL
COPPER
LEAD
SEDIMENTS
CADMIUM
MANITOBA
Аннотация: During three field seasons (June-September) of 1997-99 contents of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Al, Cr, Ni, Cd, and Pb were determined in compartments of ecosystem (surrounding soils, bottom sediments, water, zoobenthos, macrophytes, and fish) of a fish and recreation pond situated at the edge of Krasnoyarsk City (Siberia, Russia). Contents of most parts of metals in soils, water, and macrophytes significantly correlated with each other. As concluded, their contents were determined by natural, general, geochemical peculiarities of the region. Heavy metals, contents of which were higher than federal upper limits of concentration, were revealed. In muscles of fish with different feeding spectra-crucian and perch-concentrations of some metals differed significantly; correlation graphs for metals also had different structures. Comparison of our data with those on diverse aquatic ecosystems of Siberia, Europe, North America, and China published in the last decade was carried out. It was concluded that a distribution of heavy metals in the compartments of an aquatic ecosystem presently have to be determined for each particular water body until general regularities are discovered.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Stom D.I., Geel T.A., Balayan A.E., Shachova G.I., Kuznetsov A.M., Medvedeva S.E.
Заглавие : Bioluminescent method in studying the complex effect of sewage components
Место публикации : Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. - 1992. - Vol. 22, Is. 2. - С. 203-208. - ISSN 00904341 (ISSN)
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): heavy metal--phenol derivative--quinone derivative--article--bacterium--bioluminescence--cell membrane--nonhuman--priority journal--sludge--ultrastructure--benzoquinones--catechin--hydroquinones--luminescent measurements--metals--phenol--phenols--photobacterium--sewage--vibrio--water pollutants, chemical--bacteria (microorganisms)
Аннотация: The inhibition of bacterial luminescence has been used in testing industrial enterprises sewage. The toxicity of the sewage is less than the total toxicity of separate components due to neutralization of quinone products of polyphenol oxidation in the reactions with the other phenol components of sewage. Toxicity increase is due to their influence on the cell membrane. Studies of cell ultrastructure confirm this fact. The studied mechanism of the complex effect allowed a more accurate forecast of the ecological situation during the discharge of phenol compounds and metals. It also showed the necessity of taking into account the complex effect of sewage components on contaminant discharge into water reservoirs.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Esimbekova, Elena N., Nemtseva, Elena V., Bezrukikh, Anna E., Jukova, Galina V., Lisitsa, Albert E., Lonshakova-Mukina, Viktoriya I., Rimatskaya, Nadezhda V., Sutormin, Oleg S., Kratasyuk, Valentina A.
Заглавие : Bioluminescent enzyme inhibition-based assay to predict the potential toxicity of carbon nanomaterials
Колич.характеристики :6 с
Коллективы : Russian Science Foundation [16-14-10115]
Место публикации : Toxicol. Vitro: PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2017. - Vol. 45. - С. 128-133. - ISSN 0887-2333, DOI 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.08.022
Примечания : Cited References:55. - This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 16-14-10115).
Предметные рубрики: IN-VIVO
ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES
NANOTUBE TOXICITY
C-60
FULLERENE
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): nanotoxicity--enzyme inhibition-based assay--bioluminescence--luciferase--nanomaterials--nanotubes
Аннотация: A bioluminescent enzyme inhibition-based assay was applied to predict the potential toxicity of carbon nanomaterials (CNM) presented by single- and multi-walled nanotubes (SWCNT and MWCNT) and aqueous solutions of hydrated fullerene C-60 (C(60)HyFn). This assay specifically detects the influence of substances on parameters of the soluble or immobilised coupled enzyme system of luminescent bacteria: NAD(P)H:FMN-oxidoreductase + luciferase (Red + Luc). A protocol based on the optical properties of CNM for correcting the results of the bioluminescent assay was also developed. It was shown that the inhibitory activity of CNM on Red + Luc decreased in the following order: MWCNT SWCNT C(60)HyFn. The soluble enzyme system Red + Luc had high sensitivity to MWCNT and SWCNT, with values of the inhibition parameter IC50 equal to 0.012 and 0.16 mg/L, respectively. The immobilised enzyme system was more vulnerable to C(60)HyFn than its soluble form, with an IC50 equal to 1.4 mg/L. Due to its technical simplicity, rapid response time and high sensitivity, this bioluminescent method has the potential to be developed as a general enzyme inhibition-based assay for a wide variety of nanomaterials.
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10.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Stolyar, Sergey V., Kolenchukova, Oksana A., Boldyreva, Anna V., Kudryasheva, Nadezda S., Gerasimova, Yulia V., Krasikov, Alexandr A., Yaroslavtsev, Roman N., Bayukov, Oleg A., Ladygina, Valentina P., Birukova, Elena A.
Заглавие : Biogenic Ferrihydrite Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties In Vitro and In Vivo Testing and the Concentration Effect
Колич.характеристики :18 с
Коллективы : Russian Foundation for Basic ResearchRussian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); Government of the Krasnoyarsk Territory; Regional Science Foundation [20-416-242907]
Место публикации : Biomedicines: MDPI, 2021. - Vol. 9, Is. 3. - Ст.323. - ISSN 2227-9059(eISSN), DOI 10.3390/biomedicines9030323
Примечания : Cited References:52. - This research was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Government of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Regional Science Foundation, grant number 20-416-242907.
Аннотация: Biogenic ferrihydrite nanoparticles were synthesized as a result of the cultivation of Klebsiella oxytoca microorganisms. The distribution of nanoparticles in the body of laboratory animals and the physical properties of the nanoparticles were studied. The synthesized ferrihydrite nanoparticles are superparamagnetic at room temperature, and the characteristic blocking temperature is 23-25 K. The uncompensated moment of ferrihydrite particles was determined to be approximately 200 Bohr magnetons. In vitro testing of different concentrations of ferrihydrite nanoparticles for the functional activity of neutrophilic granulocytes by the chemiluminescence method showed an increase in the release of primary oxygen radicals by blood phagocytes when exposed to a minimum concentration and a decrease in secondary radicals when exposed to a maximum concentration. In vivo testing of ferrihydrite nanoparticles on Wister rats showed that a suspension of ferrihydrite nanoparticles has chronic toxicity, since it causes morphological changes in organs, mainly in the spleen, which are characterized by the accumulation of hemosiderin nanoparticles (stained blue according to Perls). Ferrihydrite can also directly or indirectly stimulate the proliferation and intracellular regeneration of hepatocytes. The partial detection of Perls-positive cells in the liver and kidneys can be explained by the rapid elimination from organs and the high dispersion of the nanomaterial. Thus, it is necessary to carry out studies of these processes at the systemic level, since the introduction of nanoparticles into the body is characterized by adaptive-proliferative processes, accompanied by the development of cell dystrophy and tension of the phagocytic system.
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11.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Anishchenko O. V., Sushchik N. N., Makhutova O. N., Kalachova G. S., Gribovskaya I. V., Morgun V. N., Gladyshev M. I.
Заглавие : Benefit-risk ratio of canned pacific saury (Cololabis saira) intake: Essential fatty acids vs. heavy metals
Место публикации : Food Chem. Toxicol.: Elsevier Ltd, 2017. - Vol. 101. - С. 8-14. - ISSN 02786915 (ISSN) , DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.035
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): benefit-risk ratio--canned fish--heavy metals--polyunsaturated fatty acids (pufa)
Аннотация: Fatty acid (FA) and element contents were studied in 14 brands of canned (in its own juice and with sunflower oil) saury (Cololabis saira), a popular product of Russian market. Canned saury is a valuable source of essential polyunsaturated FA - eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). To obtain personal daily dose of EPA + DHA of 1 g for prevention of cardiovascular diseases, neural and inflammatory disorders one needs to intake from 26 to 76 g of canned saury, as was calculated for studied brands. ICP-OES analysis of 24 elements showed that Pb concentration in one brand and Cd content in most of studied saury samples exceeded standards for fish meat established by the European Commission. However, values of hazard quotient, HQEFA which estimate benefit-risk ratio of fish intake, indicate that canned saury is safe product for human nutrition. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
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12.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Anishchenko O. V., Sushchik N. N., Makhutova O. N., Kalachova G. S., Gribovskaya I. V., Morgun V. N., Gladyshev M. I.
Заглавие : Benefit-risk ratio of canned pacific saury (Cololabis saira) intake: Essential fatty acids vs. heavy metals
Колич.характеристики :7 с
Коллективы : Russian Federation [NSh-9249.2016.5]
Место публикации : Food Chem. Toxicol.: PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2017. - Vol. 101. - С. 8-14. - ISSN 0278-6915, DOI 10.1016/j.fct2016.12.035. - ISSN 1873-6351(eISSN)
Примечания : Cited References:51. - The work was partly supported by grant NSh-9249.2016.5 from the President of the Russian Federation.
Предметные рубрики: EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA
BREAM SPARUS-AURATA
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): polyunsaturated fatty acids (pufa)--benefit-risk ratio--heavy metals--canned fish
Аннотация: Fatty acid (FA) and element contents were studied in 14 brands of canned (in its own juice and with sunflower oil) saury (Cololabis saira), a popular product of Russian market. Canned saury is a valuable source of essential polyunsaturated FA - eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). To obtain personal daily dose of EPA + DHA of 1 g for prevention of cardiovascular diseases, neural and inflammatory disorders one needs to intake from 26 to 76 g of canned saury, as was calculated for studied brands. ICP-OES analysis of 24 elements showed that Pb concentration in one brand and Cd content in most of studied saury samples exceeded standards for fish meat established by the European Commission. However, values of hazard quotient, HQEFA, which estimate benefit -risk ratio of fish intake, indicate that canned saury is safe product for human nutrition. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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13.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Kratasyuk, Valentina A., Esimbekova, Elena N.
Заглавие : Applications of Luminous Bacteria Enzymes in Toxicology
Колич.характеристики :8 с
Коллективы : Russian Science Foundation [15-19-10041]
Место публикации : Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen: BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBL LTD, 2015. - Vol. 18, Is. 10. - С. 952-959. - ISSN 1386-2073, DOI 10.2174/1386207318666150917100257. - ISSN 1875-5402(eISSN)
Примечания : Cited References:88. - The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project No. 15-19-10041.
Предметные рубрики: NADHFMN-OXIDOREDUCTASE-LUCIFERASE
HUMIC SUBSTANCES
BIOLUMINESCENT
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): bioluminescence--bioluminescent toxicity enzymatic assay--immobilization--of enzymes--luciferase--total toxicity
Аннотация: This review describes the principle and applications of bioluminescent enzymatic toxicity bioassays. This type of assays uses bacterial coupled enzyme systems: NADH: FMN-oxidoreductase and luciferase to replace living organisms in developing cost-competitive biosensors for environmental, medical and industrial applications. These biosensors instantly signal chemical and biological hazards and allow for detecting a great amount of toxic compounds with advantages associated with fast results, high sensitivity, simplicity, low cost and safety of the procedure.
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14.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Kratasyuk V. A., Esimbekova E. N.
Заглавие : Applications of luminous bacteria enzymes in toxicology
Место публикации : Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen. - 2015. - Vol. 18, Is. 10. - С. 952-959. - ISSN 13862073 (ISSN)
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): bioluminescence--bioluminescent toxicity enzymatic assay--immobilization of enzymes--luciferase--total toxicity
Аннотация: This review describes the principle and applications of bioluminescent enzymatic toxicity bioassays. This type of assays uses bacterial coupled enzyme systems: NADH:FMN-oxidoreductase and luciferase to replace living organisms in developing cost-competitive biosensors for environmental, medical and industrial applications. These biosensors instantly signal chemical and biological hazards and allow for detecting a great amount of toxic compounds with advantages associated with fast results, high sensitivity, simplicity, low cost and safety of the procedure. © 2015 Bentham Science Publishers.
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