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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Mamalis A. G., Petrov M. I., Balaev D. A., Shaihutdinov K. A., Gohfeld D. M., Militsyn S. V., Ovchinnikov S. G., Kirko V. I., Vottea I. N.
Заглавие : A DC superconducting fault current limiter using die-pressed YBa2Cu3O7 ceramic
Место публикации : Supercond. Sci. Technol.: IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2001. - Vol. 14, Is. 6. - P413-416. - ISSN 0953-2048, DOI 10.1088/0953-2048/14/6/316
Примечания : Cited References: 14
Предметные рубрики: CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS
WEAK LINKS
COMPOSITES
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): current voltage characteristics--electric fault currents--high temperature applications--josephson junction devices--polycrystalline materials--fault current limiter devices--superconducting materials
Аннотация: A model of a superconducting fault current limiter on a polycrystalline high-temperature superconductor basis is checked in the dc short circuit regime. Protection of load takes place under the conditions described in this paper. The use of ceramic materials with superconducting-normal metal-superconducting Josephson junction network having an S-type current-voltage characteristic (CVC) is shown to be effective for fault current limiter devices.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Ovchinnikov S. G., Kirko V. I., Mamalis A. G., Petrov M. I., Ivanov V. V., Balaev D. A., Gokhfel'd D. M., Kharlamova S. A., Militsyn S. V., Shaikhutdinov K. A.
Заглавие : A new concept for a current switch based on a high-temperature superconductor
Место публикации : Tech. Phys.: AMER INST PHYSICS, 2001. - Vol. 46, Is. 10. - P1299-1302. - ISSN 1063-7842, DOI 10.1134/1.1412067
Примечания : Cited References: 14
Предметные рубрики: CURRENT LIMITER
Аннотация: A new concept for a device for protecting an alternating-current network is offered. It is based on a combination of a superconducting limiter of a short-circuit current and a circuit breaker. A high-temperature superconductor in the form of a pile of plane rings is used as the active element of the limiter. The test results of a model of such a limiter are obtained in the steady-state short-circuit regime. The characteristics of composite silverless materials used for design of the breaker are given. (C) 2001 MAIK "Nauka/Interperiodica".
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Петров, Михаил Иванович, Krivomazov S. N., Khrustalev B. P., Aleksandrov K. S.
Заглавие : A study of the hysteresis property of the current voltage characteristic in high-temperature superconductors
Место публикации : Solid State Commun. - 1992. - Vol. 82, Is. 6. - P.453-456. - ISSN 0038-1098, DOI 10.1016/0038-1098(92)90748-X
Примечания : Cited References: 21
Предметные рубрики: HIGH-TC SUPERCONDUCTORS
YBA2CU3O7-X
FILMS
Аннотация: Temperature measurements of current-voltage characteristics (CVC) of the (Y, Lu)1Ba2Cu3O7-delta high-temperature superconductor have been performed. Analysis of the data shows that CVC of HTSC is mainly formed by two mechanisms: the creep of the Abrikosov vortices inside the crystallites and the Andreev reflection of the carriers within the metal character boundary between the crystallites.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Gokhfeld D. M.
Заглавие : An extended critical state model: Asymmetric magnetization loops and field dependence of the critical current of superconductors
Место публикации : Phys. Solid State: MAIK Nauka-Interperiodica / Springer, 2014. - Vol. 56, Is. 12. - P.2380-2386. - ISSN 1063-7834, DOI 10.1134/S1063783414120129. - ISSN 1090-6460
Примечания : Cited References: 37
Предметные рубрики: CRITICAL-CURRENT DENSITY
HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS
II SUPERCONDUCTORS
SURFACE-BARRIER
MGB2
TRANSPORT
MOTION
J(C)
PEAK
Аннотация: An extended critical state model has been developed. The model has considered the equilibrium magnetization of a surface layer and the magnetization of the central region of a superconducting sample. The magnetic flux distributions in the sample have been calculated. An analytical dependence of the critical current density on the magnetic field with different behaviors in strong and weak fields has been proposed. A relation of the asymmetry of the magnetization loops and the critical current density to the sample size has been established. The model is applicable to the parameterization of magnetization loops of single-crystal and polycrystalline superconductors.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Gokhfeld D. M.
Заглавие : Analysis of superconductor magnetization hysteresis
Место публикации : J. Sib. Fed. Univ. Math. Phys. - 2018. - Vol. 11, Is. 2. - P.219-221. - ISSN 19971397 (ISSN), DOI 10.17516/1997-1397-2018-11-2-219-221; Журн. СФУ. Сер. "Математика и физика"
Примечания : Cited References: 9
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): pinning--abrikosov vortices--critical state--critical current density--trapped flux--пиннинг--вихри абрикосова--критическое состояние--плотность критического тока--захваченное поле
Аннотация: The critical state model and the extended critical state model are described to analyse a magnetization hysteresis and to find superconductor parameters. We discuss how geometric sizes and form influence on magnetization hysteresis, critical current and trapped flux.Описано использование модели критического состояния и расширенной модели критического состояния для определения параметров сверхпроводников из измеренных петель намагниченности. Обсуждается влияние геометрических размеров и формы образцов на вид петель намагниченности, критический ток и замороженное магнитное поле.
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Вид документа : Статья из сборника (однотомник)
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Val'kov V. V., Aksenov S. V.
Заглавие : Andreev bound states and the Josephson current through a spin dimeric structur
Коллективы : "Spin Waves", International Simposium, Физико-технический институт им. А.Ф. Иоффе РАН
Место публикации : Spin Waves 2015, Int. Symp.: abstracts. - СПб., 2015. - P.126
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Petrov M. I., Balaev D. A., Gokhfeld D. M.
Заглавие : Andreev reflection and experimental temperature dependences of the critical current in heterogeneous high-temperature superconductors (polycrystals and related composites)
Место публикации : Phys. Solid State: MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER, 2007. - Vol. 49, Is. 4. - P619-626. - ISSN 1063-7834, DOI 10.1134/S106378340704004X
Примечания : Cited References: 41
Предметные рубрики: CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS
NORMAL-METAL
WEAK LINKS
JOSEPHSON-JUNCTIONS
MODEL
SCATTERING
TRANSPORT
DISSIPATION
HYSTERESIS
Аннотация: The temperature dependences of the critical current of Y3/4Lu1/4Ba2Cu3O7 polycrystalline high-temperature superconductors subjected to annealing for different times and those of Y3/4Lu1/4Ba2Cu3O7 + BaPbO3 composites were measured. The results obtained were analyzed in terms of the Gunsenheimer-Schussler-Kummler theory considering the Andreev reflection of carriers in a "superconductor-normal metal-superconductor" (S-N-S) junction. Good agreement between the experimental and theoretical temperature dependences of the critical current over a wide temperature range for polycrystals with both natural and artificially created boundaries (composites) made it possible to estimate the effective length of grain boundaries in the high-temperature superconductors. It was revealed that the critical current density measured at 4.2 K is an exponential function of the length of grain boundaries in samples of both types.
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Petrov M. I., Balaev D. A., Gokhfel'd D. M., Shaikhutdinov K. A.
Заглавие : Andreev reflection in natural grain boundaries of polycrystalline high-T-c superconductor La1.85Sr0.15CuO4
Разночтения заглавия :авие SCOPUS: Andreev reflection in natural grain boundaries of polycrystalline high-Tc superconductor La1.85Sr0.15CuO 4
Место публикации : Phys. Solid State: AMER INST PHYSICS, 2003. - Vol. 45, Is. 7. - P1219-1222. - ISSN 1063-7834, DOI 10.1134/1.1594233
Примечания : Cited References: 30
Предметные рубрики: CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS
WEAK LINKS
CHARGE-TRANSPORT
JUNCTIONS
CONDUCTIVITY
HYSTERESIS
COMPOSITES
SCATTERING
Аннотация: The temperature evolution of the current-voltage characteristic (CVC) of a "break junction" with metal-type conductivity on the polycrystalline La1.85Sr0.15CuO4 high-temperature superconductor is investigated. The CVC exhibits gap peculiarities and hysteresis, which is observed in the region of negative differential resistance. The experimental results are described well in terms of the Kummel-Gunsenheimer-Nicolsky theory for an S-N-S junction (S is a superconductor, N is a normal metal) this theory takes into account multiple Andreev reflection of quasiparticles. It is shown that the shape of the CVC and the existence and the shape of hysteresis are determined by the ratio of "long" and "short" grain boundaries in the polycrystal under investigation. (C) 2003 MAIK "Nauka / Interperiodica".
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Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Petrov M. I., Gokhfeld D. M., Balaev D. A., Shaihutdinov K. A., Kummel R.
Заглавие : Andreev reflections and experimental current-voltage characteristics of break junctions of polycrystalline HTSC
Место публикации : Physica C: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2004. - Vol. 408: 7th International Conference on Materials and Mechanisms of Superconductive and High Temperature Superconductors (MAY 25-30, 2003, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL). - P620-622. - ISSN 0921-4534, DOI 10.1016/j.physc.2004.03.085
Примечания : Cited References: 3
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): andreev reflections--break junction--current-voltage characteristics--andreev reflections--break junction--current-voltage characteristics--andreev reflections--break junctions--elastic scattering--lattice defects--negative differential resistance--electric fields--heuristic methods--hysteresis--microcracks--polycrystalline materials--probability density function--quasicrystals--superconducting materials--yttrium barium copper oxides--current voltage characteristics
Аннотация: The temperature evolution of current-voltage characteristics (CVCs) of break junctions made from polycrystalline Y0.75Lu0.25Ba2Cu3O7 and La1.85Sr0.15CuO4 is investigated. The experimental CVCs have hysteretic features that reflect a part of a curve with negative differential resistance. The temperature evolution of the CVCs is discussed within the framework of the Kummel-Gunsenheimer-Nicolsky theory for superconductor/normal-metal/superconductor junctions considering multiple Andreev reflections. It is shown that the shape of the CVCs of break junctions is determined by the ratio of the number of "short" and "long" intergrain normal regions in the polycrystalline HTSC under investigation. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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10.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Gokhfeld D. M., Savitskaya N. E., Popkov S. I., Kuzmichev N. D., Vasyutin M. A., Balaev D. A.
Заглавие : Anisotropic magnetization of an NbN film
Место публикации : J. Exp. Theor. Phys. - 2022. - Vol. 134, Is. 6. - P.707-712. - ISSN 10637761 (ISSN), DOI 10.1134/S1063776122060097
Примечания : Cited References: 31. - We are grateful to I.V. Nemtsev for measurements on the scanning electron microscope, S.A. Skorobogatov for his help in magnetic measurements (scanning electron microscopy and magnetic measurements have been performed at the Krasnoyarsk Regional Collective Usage Center of the Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences”)
Аннотация: The structural and magnetic properties of a niobium nitride (NbN) film prepared by reactive sputtering onto a quartz substrate are investigated. It is shown using scanning electron microscopy that the film has a columnar structure with a diameter of crystallite columns of about 50 nm. The film magnetization loops are measured for the field orientation parallel and perpendicular to its surface. Based on the experimental data, the critical current densities of the film are estimated in both cases. For the field parallel to the film surface, the estimate is 6.5 × 104 A/cm2 at the liquid helium temperature. For the field perpendicular to the surface, the critical current density is close to the depairing current density (107 A/cm2). Analysis of the results based on different models of magnetic vortex pinning in superconductors shows that in the former case, pinning occurs at the boundaries of columns in the bulk of the sample, while in the latter case, it is determined by the influence of the surface barrier.
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11.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Gokhfeld D. M., Semenov S. V., Petrov M. I., Nemtsev I. V., Balaev D. A.
Заглавие : Anisotropy and crystallite misalignment in textured superconductors
Место публикации : J. Supercond. Nov. Magn. - 2023. - Vol. 36, Is. 1. - P.59-65. - ISSN 15571939 (ISSN), DOI 10.1007/s10948-022-06454-8. - ISSN 15571947 (eISSN)
Примечания : Cited References: 21. - This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the Government of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Krasnoyarsk Territorial Foundation for Support of Scientific and R&D Activities, project “Superconducting properties of YBCO incorporated by paramagnetic rare-earth elements” No. 20–42–240008
Аннотация: A misalignment of anisotropic crystallites causes small values of anisotropy and decreases the critical current density of textured polycrystalline superconductors. To relate the crystallite misalignment and out-plane anisotropy, the magnetic properties of the textured Bi2223 polycrystalline superconductor were investigated. A distribution of orientation angles of crystallites was determined using different data: scanning electron microscopy images and hysteresis magnetization loops when an external magnetic field was applied at different angles with respect to the texturing plane of the sample. It was demonstrated that the standard deviation of the distribution and the magnetic disorder angle of crystallites in textured samples can be determined from the magnetization data in perpendicular directions. These data may be either the irreversible magnetization measured for two different orientations of the sample or the simultaneously measured magnetization projections parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field.
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12.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Balaev D. A., Semenov S. V., Pochekutov M. A.
Заглавие : Anisotropy of the magnetoresistance hysteresis in the granular superconductor Y-Ba-Cu-O at different magnetic-field and transport-current orientations
Место публикации : J. Appl. Phys.: American Institute of Physics, 2017. - Vol. 122, Is. 12. - Ст.123902. - ISSN 00218979 (ISSN), DOI 10.1063/1.4986253
Примечания : Cited References: 45. - This study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Government of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Krasnoyarsk Region Science and Technology Support Fund to the research project No. 16-48-243018.
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): anisotropy--high temperature superconductors--hysteresis--magnetic fields--magnetic flux--magnetism--magnetoresistance--different-magnetic fields--external magnetic field--granular superconductors--macroscopic transport--magnetic flux compression--magneto transport properties--model representation--transport currents--superconducting materials
Аннотация: Dissipation in granular high-temperature superconductors (HTSs) during the passage of macroscopic transport current j is mainly determined by carrier tunneling through intergrain boundaries (Josephson junctions). In the presence of external magnetic field H, it is necessary to take into account the significant magnetic flux compression, which can lead to the situation when the effective field Beff in the intergrain boundaries exceeds the external field by an order of magnitude. This is observed as a wide hysteresis of the field dependence of magnetoresistance R(H). In this study, we investigate the R(H) hysteresis evolution in granular 1-2-3 HTSs in different j-H orientations. The magnetic flux compression significantly affects the magnetoresistance and its hysteresis for both perpendicular (H ⊥ j) and parallel (H ∥ j) orientations. The obtained experimental data on the R(H) hysteresis at the arbitrary angles θ = ∠H, j are explained using the approach developed for describing the magnetoresistance hysteresis in granular HTSs with regard to the magnetic flux compression and the model representations proposed by Daghero et al. [Phys. Rev. B 66(13), 11478 (2002)]. A concept of the effective field in the intergrain medium explains the well-known anisotropy of the magnetotransport properties of granular HTSs.
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13.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Petrov M. I., Balaev D. A., Gokhfeld D. M., Ospishchev S. V., Shaikhutdinov K. A., Aleksandrov K. S.
Заглавие : Applicability of the theory based on Andreev reflection to the description of experimental current-voltage characteristics of polycrystalline HTSC plus normal metal composites
Место публикации : Physica C. - 1999. - Vol. 314, Is. 1-2. - P.51-54. - ISSN 0921-4534, DOI 10.1016/S0921-4534(99)00151-3
Примечания : Cited References: 19
Предметные рубрики: WEAK LINKS
JUNCTIONS
FILMS
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): ybacuo + bapbo3 composites--network of weak s-n-s links--current-voltage characteristic
Аннотация: Measurements of current-voltage characteristics (CVC) of Y3/4Lu1/4Ba2,Cu3O7 + BaPbO3 and Y3/4Lu1/4Ba2Cu3O7 +BaPb0.9Sn0.1O3 composites modelling network of superconducting-normal metal-superconducting (S-N-S) junctions in effectively 'clean' and 'dirty' limits, respectively, have been performed. Essential difference of CVCs for these composites is observed in spite of the identical preparation technique and experimental conditions. It is shown that the theory for S-N-S junctions [R. Kummel, U. Gunsenheimer, R. Nicolsky, Phys. Rev. B, 42 (1990) 3932] well describes the experimental CVCs of the composites in both cases. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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14.

Вид документа : Статья из сборника (однотомник)
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Zobov V. E., Pichkovskiy I. S.
Заглавие : Associative memory on qutrits by means of quantum annealing
Коллективы : "Magnetic Resonance - Current State and Future Perspectives", International Conference, Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет, Казанский физико-технический институт им. Е. К. Завойского Казанского научного центра РАН
Место публикации : International Conference “Magnetic Resonance – Current State and Future Perspectives” (EPR-75): book of abstracts. - Kazan, 2019. - P.63
Примечания : Cited References: 6
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15.

Вид документа : Статья из сборника (однотомник)
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Gokhfeld D. M.
Заглавие : Asymmetric hysteresis loops, critical current and scale
Коллективы : International workshop on processing and applications of superconducting (RE)BCO large grain materials
Место публикации : 9th International Workshop on Processing and Applications of Superconducting (RE)BCO Large Grain Materials (PASREG 2015): book of abstacts. - 2015. - С. 65
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16.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Ponomarev A. V., Madronero J., Kolovsky A. R., Buchleitner A.
Заглавие : Atomic current across an optical lattice
Место публикации : Phys. Rev. Lett.: AMER PHYSICAL SOC, 2006. - Vol. 96, Is. 5. - Ст.50404. - ISSN 0031-9007, DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.050404
Примечания : Cited References: 18
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): crystal lattices--electric conductance--fermions--switches--atomic current--microscopic dynamics--optical lattices--atomic physics
Аннотация: We devise a microscopic model for the emergence of a collision-induced, fermionic atomic current across a tilted optical lattice. Tuning the-experimentally controllable-parameters of the microscopic dynamics allows us to switch from Ohmic to negative differential conductance.
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17.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Kolovsky A. R.
Заглавие : Atomic current in optical lattices: Reexamination of the Esaki-Tsu equation
Место публикации : Phys. Rev. A. - COLLEGE PK: AMER PHYSICAL SOC, 2008. - Vol. 77, Is. 6. - С. 063604. - JUN. - ISSN 1050-2947, DOI 10.1103/PhysRevA.77.063604
Примечания : Cited Reference Count: 13
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): atomic physics--atoms--crystal lattices--optical materials--standards--systems analysis--velocity control--american physical society (aps)--drift currents--master equations--optical lattices (ol)--standard form--velocity distribution
Аннотация: This paper discusses the master equation approach to the derivation of the Esaki-Tsu equation for drift current. It is shown that the relaxation term in the master equation can be identified by measuring the velocity distribution of the carriers. We also show that the standard form of the relaxation term, used earlier to derive the Esaki-Tsu equation, predicts unphysical velocity distribution. We suggest a more elaborate relaxation term, which is argued to correctly capture the effect of a bosonic bath in experiments on atomic current in optical lattices.
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18.

Вид документа : Статья из сборника (однотомник)
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Volkov N.V., Eremin E.V.,, Tarasov A.S., Varnakov S.N., Ovchinnikov S.G.
Заглавие : Bias-current and optically driven transport properties of the hybrid Fe/Si02/p-Si structures
Коллективы : Moscow International Symposium on Magnetism
Место публикации : Moscow Int. Symp. on Magnet. (MISM-2011): Book of abstracts. - 2011. - Ст.22PO-I-10. - P.109
Примечания : Библиогр.: 1. - This study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic research, project no. 11-02-00367-a; Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, program 21.1; the Division for Physical Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, program 2.4.4.1; the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, projects nos. 5 and 134; and the Federal target program, State contract NK-556P_15.
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19.

Вид документа : Статья из сборника (однотомник)
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Volkov N. V., Eremin E. V., Tarasov A. S., Varnakov S. N., Ovchinnikov S. G.
Заглавие : Bias-current and optically driven transport properties of the hybrid Fe/SiO 2/p-Si structures
Коллективы : Moscow International Symposium on Magnetism
Место публикации : Diffusion and Defect Data Pt.B: Solid State Phenomena. - 2012. - Vol. 190. - P.526-529. - ISBN 1012-0394, DOI 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.190.526. - ISBN 9783037854365
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): hybrid structure--mis transition--photoelectric effect--schottky barrier--channel switching--comparative analysis--electron hole pairs--fe films--fe layer--ferromagnetic films--hybrid structure--optical effects--optical radiations--photogeneration--planar geometries--schottky barriers--semiconductor substrate--temperature variation--critical currents--interfaces (materials)--magnetic materials--photoelectricity--schottky barrier diodes--silicon--switching circuits--transport properties
Аннотация: Pronounced optical- and bias-current-sensitive features of the transport properties of a Fe/SiO 2/p-Si hybrid structure in planar geometry at temperature variation are investigated. Comparative analysis of two Fe/SiO 2/p-Si samples, one with a continuous Fe film and the other with two electrodes formed from a Fe layer and separated by a micron gap, shows that these features are due to the MIS transition with a Schottky barrier near the interface between SiO 2 and p- Si. Resistance of such a MIS transition depends exponentially on temperature and bias. In the structure with a continuous ferromagnetic film, the competition between conductivities of the MIS transition and the Fe layer results in the effect of current channel switching between the Fe layer and a semiconductor substrate. Within certain limits, this process can be controlled by a bias current and optical radiation. The mechanism of the optical effect is photogeneration of electron-hole pairs in the semiconductor substrate near its boundary with SiO 2 layer. В© (2012) Trans Tech Publications.
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20.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Petrov M. I., Balaev D. A., Ospishchev S. V., Shaikhutdinov K. A., Khrustalev B. P., Aleksandrov K. S.
Заглавие : Characteristics of current flow in composites made from a high-temperature superconductor and the low-temperature superconducting metal oxide Ba(PbBi)O-3
Место публикации : Phys. Solid State: American Institute of Physics, 1997. - Vol. 39, Is. 3. - P.362-368. - ISSN 1063-7834, DOI 10.1134/1.1130134
Примечания : Cited References: 21
Предметные рубрики: BAPB1-XBIXO3 SYSTEM
YBA2CU3O7-DELTA
Аннотация: Composites are prepared from a high-temperature superconductor with the 1-2-3 structure and the low-temperature oxide BaPb3/4Bi1/4O3 with various volume concentrations of the high-temperature and low-temperature superconductors. The temperature dependences of the electrical resistivities and critical current densities of the composites are measured. It is shown experimentally that these composites comprise a synthetically created network of Josephson weak links (with a specified degree of coupling). (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.
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