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1.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Zobov V. E.
Заглавие : Quantum and classical correlations in high temperature dynamics of two coupled large spins : conference paper
Коллективы : International Conference on Micro- and Nano-Electronics (Oct. 1-5, 2012; Zvenigorod, Russia)
Место публикации : Proc. SPIE. - 2012. - Vol.8700. - Ст.87001D. - P. - ISSN 0277-786X, DOI 10.1117/12.2016982. - ISSN 978-081949487-0
Примечания : Cited References: 17
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): dynamical correlations--measurement--mutual information--nuclear magnetic resonance--spin coherent states
Аннотация: We study dynamical correlations of two coupled large spins depending on the time and on the spin quantum numbers. In the high-temperature approximation, we obtain analytical expressions for the mutual informations, quantum and classical parts of correlations. The latter was obtained performing the non-orthogonal projective (POVM) measurements onto the spin coherent states of two spins or one spin, as well as by means of the orthogonal projective measurement of von Neumann. Contribution from quantum correlations is much less than that from classical ones and decreasing with the increase in spin quantum numbers at short times. However, it is not so in a time equal to half of the quantum period. © 2012 SPIE.
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2.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Zobov V. E.
Заглавие : Quantum and classical correlations in high-temperature dynamics of two coupled large spins
Место публикации : THEOR. MATH. PHYS. - 2013. - Vol. 177, Is. 1. - P.1377-1389. - ISSN 0040-5779, DOI 10.1007/s11232-013-0110-5
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): generalized measurement--high-temperature approximation--mutual information--quantum correlation--spin coherent state--spin dynamics
Аннотация: We study the dynamical correlations between two coupled spins depending on time and the value of the spin quantum numbers. In the high-temperature approximation, we obtain analytic expressions for the mutual information and the quantum and classical parts of correlations. We consider both orthogonal and nonorthogonal measurements in the basis of spin coherent states. We show that at small times, the quantum part of correlations becomes much less than the classical part as the spin quantum numbers increase, while the situation is quite different at times equal to half the quantum period.
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3.

Вид документа : Статья из сборника (однотомник)
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Zobov V. E.
Заглавие : Quantum discord in the central spin model
Коллективы : International Conference on Micro- and Nano-Electronics (Oct. 6-10, 2014; Zvenigorod, Russia)
Место публикации : Proceedings of SPIE: SPIE-Int. Soc. Optical Engineering, 2014. - Vol. 9440. - P.94401E-94401E-8. - ISBN 0277, DOI 10.1117/12.2180727. - ISBN 9781628415551
Примечания : Cited References:30
Предметные рубрики: DECOHERENCE
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): electron-nuclear spin echo--dynamical correlation--mutual information--quantum discord
Аннотация: The quantum properties of dynamic correlations in a system of an electron spin surrounded by nuclear spins under the conditions of free induction decay (FID) and spin echo have been studied. Analytical results for the time evolution of mutual information, classical part of correlations, and quantum part characterized by quantum discord have been obtained within the central spin model in the high-temperature approximation. The same formulas describe the quantum discord in both the FID and the spin echo although the forms of the dependences are different because of difference in the parameters entering into the formulas. Discord of the spin echo compared with the FID has a strong dependence on time at short times, and it tends to zero with decreasing of the magnetic field, whereas in the case of the FID it reaches a plateau.
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4.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Shauro V. P.
Заглавие : Exact solutions for time-optimal control of spin I=1 by NMR
Коллективы : Russian Foundation for Basic Research [14-07-31086]
Место публикации : Quantum Inf. Process.: Springer, 2015. - Vol. 14, Is. 7. - P.2345-2355. - ISSN 1570, DOI 10.1007/s11128-015-0999-8. - ISSN 15731332(eISSN)
Примечания : Cited References:34. - The author thanks V.E. Zobov for fruitful discussions. This study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Project No. 14-07-31086.
Предметные рубрики: QUANTUM COMPUTATION
SYSTEMS
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): quantum gate--qutrit--time-optimal control--nuclear magnetic resonance
Аннотация: We consider the problem of time-optimal control of quadrupole nucleus with the spin I = 1 by NMR. In contrast to the conventional methods based on selective pulses, the control is implemented using nonselective pulses separated by free-evolution intervals. Using the Cartan decomposition, the system of equations is obtained for finding parameters of a control field. Partial time-optimal solutions for the important single-qutrit gates (selective rotations and quantum Fourier transform) are found. The strong dependence of minimum gate implementation times on global phase of the gate is observed. The analytical values of minimum times are consistent with the numerical data.
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5.

Вид документа : Статья из сборника (однотомник)
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Zobov V. E.
Заглавие : Quantum discord in the central spin model
Коллективы : International Conference on Micro- and Nano-Electronics , International Conference on Micro- and Nano-Electronics (Oct. 6-10, 2014; Zvenigorod, Russia)
Место публикации : International Conference "Micro- and Nanoelectronics – 2014". - 2014. - Ст.q2-06
Примечания : Cited References:30
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): electron-nuclear spin echo--dynamical correlation--mutual information--quantum discord
Аннотация: The quantum properties of dynamic correlations in a system of an electron spin surrounded by nuclear spins under the conditions of free induction decay (FID) and spin echo have been studied. Analytical results for the time evolution of mutual information, classical part of correlations, and quantum part characterized by quantum discord have been obtained within the central spin model in the high-temperature approximation. The same formulas describe the quantum discord in both the FID and the spin echo although the forms of the dependences are different because of difference in the parameters entering into the formulas. Discord of the spin echo compared with the FID has a strong dependence on time at short times, and it tends to zero with decreasing of the magnetic field, whereas in the case of the FID it reaches a plateau.
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6.

Вид документа : Статья из сборника (однотомник)
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Mironov V. L., Muzalevskiy K. V., Anna S.
Заглавие : Measuring soil temperature and moisture of arctic tundra based on SMOS and ALOS PALSAR data
Коллективы : International Siberian Conference on Control and Communications
Место публикации : Int. Sib. Conf. on Control and Communicat.: Proceedings: IEEE-Institute Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2015. - ISBN 978-1-4799-7102-2, DOI 10.1109/SIBCON.2015.7147154
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): alos palsar--artic tundra--permafrost--smos--soil moisture--soil temperature--backscattering--balloons--landforms--luminance--mean square error--moisture--permafrost--permittivity--radar--radar measurement--soil moisture--soils--temperature--weather information services--alos palsar--artic tundra--backscatter coefficients--brightness temperatures--determination coefficients--root mean square errors--smos--soil temperature--soil surveys
Аннотация: In this paper, methods for retrieving soil moisture, roughness, and temperature based on the radar backscatter coefficient (ALOS PALSAR) and brightness temperature (SMOS) data related to a tundra area on the Yamal peninsula were tested. As theoretical models, there were used the semi-empirical backscatter model proposed by Y. Oh et. al and the L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere (L-MEB) model proposed by J-P Wigneron et.al. An integral part of these models is a permittivity model of moist soil both thawed and frozen, which links backscatter coefficient and brightness temperature with moisture, temperature, and dry density of the soil as well as the wave frequencies used by the ALOS PALSAR and SMOS. The applied permittivity model was developed based on dielectric measurements conducted for the organic rich soil samples collected at the Vaskiny Dachi weather station located in the area of the radar backscatter and brightness observations. The retrieved temperatures were correlated with the ones measured at the weather station yielding the values of root-mean-square error and determination coefficient of 3.8°C and 0.80, respectively. © 2015 IEEE.
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7.

Вид документа : Статья из сборника (однотомник)
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Ruzicka Z., Muzalevskiy K. V.
Заглавие : Database approach to develop and validate the Soil Moisture and temperature retrieval algorithm using SMOS radiometric data
Коллективы : International Siberian Conference on Control and Communications
Место публикации : Int. Sib. Conf. on Control and Communicat. (SIBCON 2015): Proceedings: IEEE-Institute Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2015. - ISBN 9781479971022 (ISBN), DOI 10.1109/SIBCON.2015.7146965
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): arctic tundra--database management system--smos--soil moisture--soil temperature--algorithms--data handling--database systems--information systems--management information systems--matlab--moisture--numerical methods--radiometry--soil moisture--soil surveys--soils--temperature--arctic tundra--automated processing--north slope of alaska--retrieval algorithms--smos--soil moisture and ocean salinity (smos)--soil temperature--temperature retrieval--search engines
Аннотация: This paper describes the information system, which has been developed for the storing and automated processing of the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Level 1C radiometric and Level 2 soil moisture data over space and time. The information system contains the database for storing the data and the interface for automated processing. That interface has been developed to provide access to these specific data from the database within the Matlab numerical computing environment used for the realization of algorithms and methods. The developed information system helps to speed up the processing of SMOS data in regional scale over a long period of time, and has successfully been used for the validation of soil temperature and moisture retrieval algorithms over the North Slope of Alaska and Yamal peninsula. © 2015 IEEE.
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8.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Bulgakov E. N., Gopar V. A., Mello P. A., Rotter I.
Заглавие : Statistical study of the conductance and shot noise in open quantum-chaotic cavities: Contribution from whispering gallery modes
Место публикации : Phys. Rev. B: AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC, 2006. - Vol. 73, Is. 15. - Ст.155302. - ISSN 1098-0121, DOI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.155302
Примечания : Cited References: 20
Предметные рубрики: HELMHOLTZ EQUATION
INFORMATION-THEORY
NUCLEAR-REACTIONS
TRANSPORT
Аннотация: In the past, a maximum-entropy model was introduced and applied to the study of statistical scattering by chaotic cavities, when short paths may play an important role in the scattering process. In particular, the validity of the model was investigated in relation with the statistical properties of the conductance in open chaotic cavities. In this paper we investigate further the validity of the maximum-entropy model, by comparing the theoretical predictions with the results of computer simulations, in which the Schrodinger equation is solved numerically inside the cavity for one and two open channels in the leads; we analyze, in addition to the conductance, the zero-frequency limit of the shot-noise power spectrum. We also obtain theoretical results for the ensemble average of this last quantity, for the orthogonal and unitary cases of the circular ensemble and an arbitrary number of channels. Generally speaking, the agreement between theory and numerics is good. In some of the cavities that we study, short paths consist of whispering gallery modes, which were excluded in previous studies. These cavities turn out to be all the more interesting, as it is in relation with them that we found certain systematic discrepancies in the comparison with theory. We give evidence that it is the lack of stationarity inside the energy interval that is analyzed, and hence the lack of ergodicity-a property assumed in the maximum-entropy model-that gives rise to the discrepancies. Indeed, the agreement between theory and numerical simulations is improved when the energy interval is reduced to a point and the statistics is then collected over an ensemble obtained by varying the position of an obstacle inside the cavity. It thus appears that the maximum-entropy model is valid beyond the domain where it was originally derived. An understanding of this situation is still lacking at the present moment.
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9.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : BURKOVA L. V., ERUKHIMOV M. S., SEREDKIN V. A., FROLOV G. I., YAKOVCHUK V. Y.
Заглавие : THERMOMAGNETIC WRITING OF ANALOGOUS INFORMATION ON RFE(R-TB, DY) FILMS
Место публикации : Zhurnal Tek. Fiz.: MEZHDUNARODNAYA KNIGA, 1985. - Vol. 55, Is. 4. - P707-713. - ISSN 0044-4642
Примечания : Cited References: 17
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10.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Zyryanov V. Ya., Zhuikov V. A., Smorgon S. L., Shabanov V. F., Adomenas P. V.
Заглавие : Thermooptical information record in polymer-capsulated cholesteric liquid crystals
Место публикации : Zhurnal Tek. Fiz. - 1996. - Vol. 66, Is. 8. - P.99-106. - ISSN 0044-4642
Примечания : Cited References: 9
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11.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Barannik A. V., Zhuikov V. A., Zyryanov V. Ya., Smorgon S. L., Shabanov V. F.
Заглавие : Grayness scale during thermocontact information recording in polymer-encapsulated cholesteric liquid crystals
Место публикации : Zhurnal Tek. Fiz. - 1996. - Vol. 66, Is. 5. - P.177-179. - ISSN 0044-4642
Примечания : Cited References: 7
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12.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Artyushenko P. V., Tomilin F. N., Kuzubov A. A., Ovchinnikov S. G., Tsikalova P. E., Ovchinnikova T. M., Soukhovolsky V. G.
Заглавие : The stability of the pheromones of xylophagous insects to environmental factors: An evaluation by quantum chemical analysis
Место публикации : Biophysics: MAIK Nauka-Interperiodica / Springer, 2017. - Vol. 62, Is. 4. - P.532-538. - ISSN 00063509 (ISSN), DOI 10.1134/S0006350917040029
Примечания : Cited References: 50
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): insects--xylophages--pheromones--molecules--chemical properties--environment--impact--information--research--effectiveness
Аннотация: The ground and excited states of the pheromone molecules produced by xylophagous insects (the bark beetle Ips typographus L., the black fir sawyer beetle Monochamus urussovi Fisch., and the black pine sawyer M. galloprovincialis Oliv.) were modeled using a quantum chemical method utilizing DFT (density functional theory) with the B3LYP functional. The absorption wavelengths (energies) and dipole moments were calculated; the transitions of electrons from occupied to empty molecular orbitals were considered. The computed data were used to assess the stability of pheromone molecules exposed to environmental factors, such as solar radiation and humidity.
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13.

Вид документа : Статья из сборника (однотомник)
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Loiko V. A., Konkolovich A. V., Krakhalev M. N., Miskevich A. A., Prishchepa O. O., Zyryanov V. Ya.
Заглавие : Development of scattering media optics methods to calculate optical properties of polymer dispersed liquid crystal films
Коллективы : EuroDisplay conference, Society for Information Displays, Institute of Physics
Место публикации : EuroDisplay 2017: Abstract book. - 2017. - P.27-28
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14.

Вид документа : Статья из сборника (выпуск продолж. издания)
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Belyaev B. A., Khodenkov S., Dmitriev D.
Заглавие : Investigation of microstrip band-pass filters based on 2D electromagnetic crystal
Коллективы : Ural Symposium on Biomedical Engineering, Radioelectronics and Information Technology
Место публикации : Proceedings - 2018 Ural Symposium on Biomedical Engineering, Radioelectronics and Information Technology, USBEREIT 2018: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2018. - P.245-248. - , DOI 10.1109/USBEREIT.2018.8384595
Примечания : Cited References: 14. - This study was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, agreement no. 14.575.21.0142.
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): microstrip filter--2d electromagnetic crystal--strip conductor--amplitude-frequency characteristics--irregular resonator
Аннотация: Electrodynamic numerical analysis of 3D models was used in order to study microstrip filters of 4-th and 6-th order. When constructing 2D microwave structures, irregular resonators with Π-shaped slit in a grounded strip conductor were used. The band-pass filters tuned by manual parametric synthesis have high frequency-selective properties, including extended high frequency stopband.
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15.

Вид документа : Статья из сборника (выпуск продолж. издания)
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Belyaev B. A., Khodenkov S., Nazarov G., Shepeta N., Panin D.
Заглавие : Investigation of Microstrip High-Pass Filters Based on Multimode Resonator
Коллективы : Ural Symposium on Biomedical Engineering, Radioelectronics and Information Technology
Место публикации : Ural Symposium on Biomedical Engineering, Radioelectronics and Information Technology, USBEREIT 2019: Proceedings: IEEE, 2019. - P.383-386. - , DOI 10.1109/USBEREIT.2019.8736572
Примечания : Cited References: 14
Аннотация: Microstrip high-pass filters were investigated by means of electrodynamic numerical analysis of 3D models. In the microwave constructions a new multimode resonator with a strip conductor of 'E' shape was used, the central segment of which is grounded at its base. Synthesized filters with fixed cutoff frequency fc=3 GHz have high frequency-selective properties. © 2019 IEEE.
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16.

Вид документа : Статья из сборника (выпуск продолж. издания)
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Podshivalov I. V., Savishnikov M. O., Leksikov An. A., Dmitriev D. D., Kartsan I. N.
Заглавие : Multi-mode resonator for ultra-wide bandpass filter with good stopband performance
Коллективы : International Workshop on Advanced Technologies in Material Science, Mechanical and Automation Engineering - MIP: Engineering-2019
Место публикации : IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. - 2019. - Vol. 537: International Workshop on Advanced Technologies in Material Science, Mechanical and Automation Engineering - MIP: Engineering-2019 (4 April 2019 through 6 April 2019) Conference code: 149243, Is. 5. - Ст.052025. - , DOI 10.1088/1757-899X/537/5/052025
Примечания : Cited References: 10. - This work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation in the framework of the Federal target program “Research and development of priority directions of development of the scientific-technological complex of Russia for 2014-2020” (agreement № 14.575.21.0142, unique ID project RFMEFI57517X0142).
Предметные рубрики: Information Reliability and Data Protection in Automation Systems
Аннотация: A multimode resonator is proposed, containing five resonant modes that are incorporated in the passband forming. The structure is based on a dielectric substrate suspended in a metallic case that allows solving problem of electromagnetic compatibility. Due to features of the resonator's structure, several higher modes do not excite that significantly improve the performance of the filter's stopband. The resonator advantages are proved on the ultra-wide bandpass filter (101%) with small overall size (0.11λ 0×0.06λ 0×0.03λ 0) and good stopband performance (first spurious band locates at 8 GHz, suppression is 80 dB).
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17.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Stolyar S. V., Chekanova L. A., Yaroslavtsev R. N., Komogortsev S. V., Gerasimova Yu. V., Bayukov O. A., Volochaev M. N., Iskhakov R. S., Garanzha I. V., Kolovskaya O. S., Bairmani M. Sh., Zamay T. N.
Заглавие : Magnetic nanoconstructions of iron oxides coated with arabinogalactan functionalized with DNA aptamer
Коллективы : International Scientific Conference "Conference on Applied Physics, Information Technologies and Engineering"
Место публикации : J. Phys. Conf. Ser. - 2019. - Vol. 1399. - Ст.022026. - ISSN 1742-6588, DOI 10.1088/1742-6596/1399/2/022026. - ISSN 1742-6596 (eISSN)
Примечания : Cited References: 6
Предметные рубрики: Applied Physics
Аннотация: New composite nanoparticles for biomedical applications have been manufactured. The particles consist of an anisomeric magnetite core coated with arabinogalactan and are functionalized with cameras for As-14 ascites cells (Ehrlich carcinoma). The binding of ascitic Ehrlich carcinoma cells to magnetic nanoparticles was evaluated using fluorescence microscopy.
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18.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Stolyar S. V., Chekanova L. A., Yaroslavtsev R. N., Ladygina V. P., Tirranen L. S.
Заглавие : Effect of nanoparticles in growth of test - bacteria
Коллективы : International Scientific Conference "Conference on Applied Physics, Information Technologies and Engineering"
Место публикации : J. Phys. Conf. Ser. - 2019. - Vol. 1399. - Ст.022029. - ISSN 1742-6588, DOI 10.1088/1742-6596/1399/2/022029. - ISSN 1742-6596 (eISSN)
Примечания : Cited References: 10
Предметные рубрики: Applied Physics
Аннотация: Confident effect of five magnetic composite nanoparticles (FeP@Ag, FeP@Pd, CoP, NiP, Fe2O3@AГ) on growth of test bacteria colonies (Acinetobacter baumannii, Еscherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus) in five replicates each is considered. Reliable inhibitors of colonies of all five test bacteria were nanoparticles FeP@Ag. CoP nanoparticles are reliable inhibitors of growth of 4 test bacteria (except for test bacteria Escherichia сoli). NiP nanoparticles are reliable inhibitors of growth of 2 test bacteria: Escherichia сoli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Bacteria Escherichia сoli were most sensitive to the effect of magnetic nanoparticles; and bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were most resistant to the effect of magnetic nanoparticles. The prospects of the method are in the possibility of multiple reuse of the magnetic particles with antimicrobial properties for bacterial decontamination of the studied sources of water and removal of magnetic nanoparticles from the treated liquids by electromagnet. The method can find use in water treatment facilities for household, Industrial and medical wastes.
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19.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Smolyarov K. T., Volkov N. V., Matsulev A. N., Kondrasenko A. A.
Заглавие : The comparative analysis of the solid-state 31P NMR spectra of Re-Pt vinylidene complexes
Коллективы : International Scientific Conference "Conference on Applied Physics, Information Technologies and Engineering"
Место публикации : J. Phys. Conf. Ser. - 2019. - Vol. 1399. - Ст.022028. - ISSN 1742-6588, DOI 10.1088/1742-6596/1399/2/022028. - ISSN 1742-6596 (eISSN)
Примечания : Cited References: 11
Предметные рубрики: Applied Physics
Аннотация: The two vinylidene complexes Cp(CO)2 RePt(μ-C=CHPh)(PPh3 )(CO) and Cp(CO)2 RePt(μ-C=CHPh)(PPh3 )2 and their precursors PPh3 and P(PPh3 )4 were studied by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. We analysed 31P cross-polarization spectra acquired in static conditions and with magic angle spinning. The chemical shift tensors of each sample were determined by fitting their spectra using SIMPSON simulations.
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20.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Stebeleva O. P., Kashkina L. V., Petrakovskaya E. A., Nikitin S. L., Dobrosmyslov S. S., Rublev G. V.
Заглавие : Dissipative structures in thin films of cavitation-activated soot suspensions
Коллективы : "Conference on Applied Physics, Information Technologies and Engineering", "Прикладная физика, информационные технологии и инжиниринг", международная конференция
Место публикации : J. Phys. Conf. Ser. - 2019. - Vol. 1399. - Ст.044073. - ISSN 1742-6588, DOI 10.1088/1742-6596/1399/4/044073. - ISSN 1742-6596 (eISSN)
Примечания : Cited References: 8
Предметные рубрики: Engineering and Materials Science
Аннотация: This paper presents analysis of optical images of films obtained by evaporation (293 K) of a thin layer of low-concentrated (1% wt.) aqueous soot suspensions in a Petri dish. Suspensions of wood, fullerene and diamond-containing (after detonation synthesis) soot were prepared using hydrodynamic dispersion in a cavitation mixer with a wedge-shaped cavitator with the rotor's angular velocity of rotation being 10000 rpm. The components of the hydrodynamic dispersion process are turbulent micro-mixing and bubble cavitation. As a result of intense turbulence, carbon suspensions assumed properties of non-equilibrium systems. The images of an optical microscope revealed self-organized dissipative micron-sized structures in the dried films being present there in the form of chain, branched and ring-shaped cluster fractals of various dimensions that look very similar to nanotubes. The self-assembling effect was identified for all the types of suspensions under study. The EPR method was used to study the change in the electronic structure of soot resulting from the exposure to high temperatures and pressures that occur when the cavitation bubbles collapse (cavitational activation). The dynamics of changes in dissipative structures in the process of film drying was monitored.
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